Question

Maximum possible distance for liquefaction

Answer 1

This paper reviews several published equations specifying the cut-off distance for use in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of liquefaction initiation, and proposes new criteria based on minimum level of input wave energy. Following a comparison of these equations and of their effects on the final result, the paper concludes that graphically formulated definitions of the maximum distance versus earthquake magnitude are too rough for seismic hazard analyses at sites with N̄(corrected standard penetration test value in blows per foot) less than about 10. It is proposed that maximum distance defined in terms of the minimum input wave energy known to have liquefied a site should be used instead. This distance is defined via an energy factor, equal to the integral, with respect to time, of the ground velocity squared, estimated at the site, and evaluated over the duration of strong shaking. The proposed minimum value is enmin=10−2.8 m2/s. This value may change as the data on well-documented cases of liquefaction grows.

Answer 2

Answer:

Schubert et al., 1992), it is likely that the cryosphere was much thinner, and thus ... particular distance from the epicenter, i.e., the liquefaction limit, Rmax