Question

mention any three ill effects of urbanization​

Answer 1

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Answer 2

Answer:

#1 Biodiversity

As cities grow in number, spatial extent and density, their environmental and ecological footprints increase. Urban expansion that takes place in forests, wetlands and agricultural systems leads to habitat clearing; degradation and fragmentation of the landscapes. Urban lifestyles, which tend to be consumptive, requiring great natural resources and generating increasing amounts of waste also lead to increased levels of air, water and soil pollution.

A paper published in the PNAS states that unsustainable urbanization will have disastrous effects on global ecosystems. The areas of Asia, Africa and South America that are rapidly growing will overlap with biodiversity hotspots. The aftermath? Urban expansion will lead to the demise of 139 amphibian species, 41 mammalian species and 25 bird species. All of these are endangered or critically endangered.

#2- Inequality Water

Approximately 97% of the earth’s water is stored in the oceans, and only a fraction of the remaining portion is usable freshwater. When precipitation falls over the land, it follows various routes. Some of it evaporates, returning to the atmosphere, some seeps into the ground, and the remainder becomes surface water, traveling to oceans and lakes by way of rivers and streams.

Impervious surfaces associated with urbanization alter the natural amount of water that takes each route. The consequences of this change are a decrease in the volume of water that percolates into the ground; and a resulting increase in volume and decrease in quality of surface water. These hydrological changes have significant implications for the quantity of fresh; clean water that is available for use by humans, fish and wildlife.

#3 - Air Pollution

Air pollution often plagues industrialized cities, particularly during their early development. Episodes of high levels of sulfurous smog killed or sickened thousands in Donora in 1948, as well as in London in 1952. Other cities—primarily in the industrialized regions of the United States and Europe—also suffered from notoriously bad air quality. These events were the result of very high emissions of sulfur dioxide, smoke, and other particles during stagnant, foggy weather conditions.