Mention any two changes in mango flower after pollination
Answers
Answer:
The ovary grow in size and ripen to form fruit. After fertilization, the following changes are observed in a flower: There is formation of a diploid zygote and it develops into an embryo, which forms the future plant.
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Explanation:
Measuring wild pollinator services in agricultural production is very important in the context of sustainable management. In this study, we estimated the contribution of native pollinators to mango fruit set production of two mango cultivars Mangifera indica (L). cv. ‘Sala’ and ‘Chok Anan’. Visitation rates of pollinators on mango flowers and number of pollen grains adhering to their bodies determined pollinator efficiency for reproductive success of the crop. Chok Anan failed to produce any fruit set in the absence of pollinators. In natural condition, we found that Sala produced 4.8% fruit set per hermaphrodite flower while Chok Anan produced 3.1% per flower. Hand pollination tremendously increased fruit set of naturally pollinated flower for Sala (>100%), but only 33% for Chok Anan. Pollinator contribution to mango fruit set was estimated at 53% of total fruit set production. Our results highlighted the importance of insect pollinations in mango production. Large size flies Eristalinus spp. and Chrysomya spp. were found to be effective pollen carriers and visited more mango flowers compared with other flower visitors.
Keywords: fruit set, visitation rate, mango, pollinator efficiency, ant, fly.
Pollinator species differ in morphological characteristics and behaviors that determine their ability to pollinate (Horsburgh et al. 2011). Various insect pollinators frequent plants differently and thus vary in visitation rates, removal, and deposition of pollen within spatial as well as temporal scales (Sahli and Conner 2007). Paralleled with emerging need for multi-year and multi-site comparisons of risk assessment in conservation and sustainable agriculture, measuring pollinator performance has become increasingly important (Ne’eman et al. 2010, Benjamin and Winfree 2014). According to Rader et al. (2009), the most effective pollinator species are those occurring in high abundance, actively moving from flower to flower (has a high visitation rate) and transferring many pollen grains on the stigmas.
Pollinator efficiency or effectiveness measures the amount of pollen deposited by an insect onto a stigma. This technique can be extremely difficult for many small flowers held on a panicle because of uncertainty in locating the pollinated flowers. Moreover, pollen deposition depends totally on insect’s flower-visiting activity that is strictly species specific (Howlett et al. 2011) in many flowering plants, therefore the technique becomes very time consuming. Alternatively, counting pollen grains on flower-visiting insects is a quicker and an easier method because the pollinators can be directly captured from the flowers (Howlett et al. 2011). Although not the best technique to measure pollinator efficiency, the amount of pollens carried by each insect also reflects its effectiveness based on the foraging behavior, pollinating ability, and ecology of the pollinator (Borkent and Schlinger 2008, O’Neill and O’Neill 2010).
Mango (Mangifera indica) flowers are pollinated by various insects such as wasps, ants, flies, butterflies, beetles, and bees as well as by wind (Bally 2006, Aliakbarpour and Che Salmah 2010). The important role of insect pollinators in mango production has been recognized in many mango producing countries in the world. Sung et al. (2006) reported that honey bees (Apis spp.) and flies (Musca domestica and Chrysomya megacephala) were responsible for successful pollination hence good mango production in Taiwan. In India, Sharma et al. (1998) reared Lucilia sp. (Calliphoridae) and Sarcophaga sp. (Sarcophagidae) flies in their attempt to increase the abundance of pollinators in a mango orchard. These flies were supplemented with fish or mutton pieces in mesh bags hung on the lower branches of mango trees. Meanwhile, Apis cerana was kept for pollination of mango flowers in addition to producing honey in a small scale industry in Thailand (Wongsiri and Chen 1995).
Although mango panicles has a lot of hermaphrodite flowers (Bally et al. 2009), Usman et al. (2001) found that cross pollination had contributed to large increase in mango fruit set. Hermaphrodite flowers are self-pollinated but incompatibility of some pollen and stigmas cause failure in mango fruit set (Singh et al. 1962, Mukherjee et al. 1968, Sharma and Singh 1970, Dag et al. 2006, Gehrke-Vélez et al. 2012). In Chok Anan cultivar for example, Ding and Khairul Bariah (2013) detected some degree of self-incompatibility and hence cross pollination is necessary for a successful fruit set.