Mention different stages of production for industrialisation in England.
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The Industrial Revolution in the United States
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The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones.
Goods that had once been painstakingly crafted by hand started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the introduction of new machines and techniques in textiles, iron making and other industries.
Fueled by the game-changing use of steam power, the Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to the rest of the world, including the United States, by the 1830s and ‘40s. Modern historians often refer to this period as the First Industrial Revolution, to set it apart from a second period of industrialization that took place from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and saw rapid advances in the steel, electric and automobile industries.
England: Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
Thanks in part to its damp climate, ideal for raising sheep, Britain had a long history of producing textiles like wool, linen and cotton. But prior to the Industrial Revolution, the British textile business was a true “cottage industry,” with the work performed in small workshops or even homes by individual spinners, weavers and dyers.
Starting in the mid-18th century, innovations like the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny, the water frame and the power loom made weaving cloth and spinning yarn and thread much easier. Producing cloth became faster and required less time and far less human labor.
More efficient, mechanized production meant Britain’s new textile factories could meet the growing demand for cloth both at home and abroad, where the nation’s many overseas colonies provided a captive market for its goods. In addition to textiles, the British iron industry also adopted new innovations.
Chief among the new techniques was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material made by heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was both cheaper and produced higher-quality material, enabling Britain’s iron and steel production to expand in response to demand created by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) and the later growth of the railroad industry.
Impact of Steam Power
An icon of the Industrial Revolution broke onto the scene in the early 1700s, when Thomas Newcomen designed the prototype for the first modern steam engine. Called the “atmospheric steam engine,” Newcomen’s invention was originally applied to power the machines used to pump water out of mine shafts.
In the 1760s, Scottish engineer James Watt began tinkering with one of Newcomen’s models, adding a separate water condenser that made it far more efficient. Watt later collaborated with Matthew Boulton to invent a steam engine with a rotary motion, a key innovation that would allow steam power to spread across British industries, including flour, paper, and cotton mills, iron works, distilleries, waterworks and canals.
Just as steam engines needed coal, steam power allowed miners to go deeper and extract more of this relatively cheap energy source. The demand for coal skyrocketed throughout the Industrial Revolution and beyond, as it would be needed to run not only the factories used to produce manufactured goods, but also the railroads and steamships used for transporting them.
The Age of Mechanical Production
The Age of Science and Mass Production
The Digital Revolution
Explanation:
The Age of Mechanical Production
- Society used to be predominantly agrarian but the influence of steam power gave way to urbanization in these agrarian societies. Steam power & machine tools had also begun to be used worldwide, while steamers & railroads had revolutionized the way people moved from A to B. Factory, emerged as the new centre of community life But life in the factory was hard. Unskilled plant workers were cheap and plentiful.
- They were working in unsafe conditions for long hours. Also kids worked in warehouses and worked alongside adults for 14 hours. These circumstances lasted in the 20th century. In the end a middle class of skilled professionals was formed by advancing industrialization. Cities and industries had grown faster than ever and economies developed.
The Age of Science and Mass Production
- With a variety of key inventions, events started to accelerate. However, success in science was not restricted to the laboratory. Scientific principles were brought into the factories; in specific, the assembly line, which was successful in pushing mass production.
- In the early part of the 20th century, Henry Ford's company had mass-produced new Ford Model T, a gasoline engine-built car in his workshop. People were following jobs, and workers were moving from their rural homes to urban areas and factory jobs in the early 1900's.
The Digital Revolution
- The Third Technological Revolution in the 1950s brought about the electronics revolution, semi-conductor, mainframe, personal computer and the Telephone. Things that used to be analogous shifted to new technology, such as an old TV in which an antenna (analog) is used to tune to, and a laptop that was wired to the Internet enabled movies (new) to be watched
- The move from analog electronics and mechanics to digital technologies , in particular world communications and energy, had dramatically disrupted industries. Electronics and IT started automating production and taking global supply chains.