Mention some of the features of land revenue settlement.
Answers
Answer:
Zamindari System (Permanent Land Revenue Settlement)
Zamindars were recognized as the owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants. While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants. The tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield.
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Explanation:
1. Zamindari System (Permanent Land Revenue Settlement)
Zamindari System Explained
Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through the Permanent Settlement Act.
It was introduced in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.
Also known as Permanent Settlement System.
Zamindars were recognized as the owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.
While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants.
The tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield.
The tax was to be paid in cash. Before introducing this system, the tax could be paid in kind.
The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
2. Ryotwari System
Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.
This was the primary land revenue system in South India.
Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorg provinces of British India.
In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.
The revenue rates of the Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.
Though ownership of land was vested with the farmers, excessive tax impoverished them. Furthermore, the tax rates were frequently increased.
3. Mahalwari System
Mahalwari system was introduced in 1822 by Holt Mackenzie. Later, the system was reformed during the period of William Bentick (1833).
This was the primary land revenue system in North-West India.
It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.
In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
The entire village (Mahal) was considered as a single unit for tax collection.
The village headman or villages committee was assigned the responsibility to collect tax.
Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
The tax rate was excessive in this system too.
The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.