mention the changes that made modern world
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The Western experience of industrialization was the model for world industrialization. To become modern was to become something like Western industrial society. Non-Western societies were not always given much choice in the matter. As formal colonies or informal clients of Western powers, they often found themselves being “developed” in a Western direction before they were permitted to take political control of their own destinies. Once on the way, there was no turning back. But, even where an element of choice existed, it remained the consensus that the only viable form of society in the modern world was industrial society. Only industrial societies could be active agents in the world system. All others must remain clients or dependents. Japan demonstrated this better than any other nation. From a poor nation humiliated at the hands of the West in the mid-19th century, Japan rose through industrialization to become one of the most powerful societies in the world. More pointedly, Japan showed that, by meeting the challenge of industrialization, a non-Western society could become not merely the equal but the superior of some of the strongest Western powers.
Japan confirmed what Western experience had already made clear: There are several routes to modernity. In the 19th century Britain, Belgium, France, and the United States industrialized largely on the basis of the individual entrepreneur and the free market economy. In Germany, and even more in Japan, the state and political elites played a major role, organizing credit, coordinating and planning development, and restricting foreign access to home markets in the interests of native industry. Later still came the even more centralized authoritarian model of modernization under the aegis of the one-party state. Taking their lead from the Soviet Union following the Russian Revolution of 1917, many developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America sought to industrialize according to economic plans drawn up by political elites and stringently imposed on their populations. Even where, as in India, formal liberal democracy was instituted, industrialization was largely guided by a single national party—usually the one identified with the struggle for independence from colonial rule, as was the Indian National Congress party. In any case, there were plenty of socialisms to choose from. There were the African socialisms of Kwame Nkrumah’s Ghana and Julius Nyerere’s Tanzania, the Chinese socialism of Mao Zedong, the Cuban socialism of Fidel Castro, or the Yugoslav socialism of Josip Broz Tito. All could aspire to be models to developing countries. None, however, were able to achieve successful records of economic development under central planning.
Japan and the Soviet Union (until its dissolution in 1991) suggested, in their different ways, that there was a general pattern of late development appropriate to all those nations that attempted to industrialize in the shadow of already formidable industrial powers. This pattern variously involved strong protectionism, directed labour, control of unions, and central supervision of banking and credit. It also meant circumventing the sharp division between management and workers that hampered most early Western industrializers and that continued to worry them in their later industrial history. Above all, late developers put the power of the state at the centre of the modernizing effort. The state was the prime mover and guardian of the whole enterprise. Unlike Britain or the United States, where the state—at any rate in the early stage—encouraged development more or less passively, keeping the peace and enforcing the laws and perhaps arranging for some free land (as for the railroads in the United States), in countries such as Japan, the former Soviet Union, and China the state directed the industrializing process from the start and supervised it closely throughout. The state made the major decisions about investment, transport and communications, and education. It developed the media of mass communications as agencies of mass socialization. Therefore, whether or not the economy was formally nationalized, in practice economic development was placed firmly under national auspices and directed to nationalist ends.The Western experience of industrialization was the model for world industrialization. To become modern was to become something like Western industrial society. Non-Western societies were not always given much choice in the matter. As formal colonies or informal clients of Western powers, they often found themselves being “developed” in a Western direction before they were permitted to take political control of their own destinies. Once on the way, there was no turning back. But, even where an element of choice existed, it remained the consensus that the only viable form of society in the modern world was industrial society.
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