Mention the commdities sold in the pandiya's kingdom
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The Pandya dynasty, also known as the Pandyas of Madurai, was a dynasty of south India, one of the three famous Tamil lineages, the other two being the Chola and the Chera.[5] The dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). The Pandyas ruled extensive territories, at times including the large portions of present-day south India and northern Sri Lanka through collateral branches subject to Madurai.[6][7]
The rulers of the three Tamil dynasties were referred to as the "three crowned rulers (the mu-ventar) of the Tamil country".[5][8] The age and the antiquity of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish.[7] The early Pandya chieftains ruled their country (the Pandya nadu) from time immemorial, which included the inland city of Madurai and the southern port of Korkai.[9][10] The Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available Tamil poetry ("the Sangam literature").[7] Graeco-Roman accounts (as early as 4th century BCE[7]), the edicts of Maurya emperor Asoka, coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to the early centuries CE.[11][12][9] The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the Kalabhra dynasty in south India.[13]
From the 6th century to the 9th century CE, the Chalukyas of Badami or Rashtrakutas of the Deccan, the Pallavas of Kanchi, and Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Pandyas at one time or another ruled or invaded the fertile estuary of Kaveri (the Chola country), the ancient Chera country (Kongu and central Kerala) and Venadu (south Kerala), the Pallava country and Sri Lanka.[14] The Pandyas went into decline with the rise of the Cholas of Tanjore in the 9th century and were in constant conflict with them. The Pandyas allied themselves with the Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) and the Cheras in harassing the Chola Empire until it found an opportunity for reviving its fortunes during the late 13th century.[15]
The Pandyas entered their "golden age" under Maravarman I and Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I (13th century).[6][7] Some early efforts by Maravarman I to expand into the ancient Chola country were effectively checked by the Hoysalas.[16] Jatavarman I (c. 1251) successfully expanded the empire into the Telugu country (as far north as Nellore), south Kerala and conquered northern Sri Lanka.[6][7] The city of Kanchi became a secondary capital of the Pandyas. The Hoysalas, in general, were confined to Mysore Plateau and even king Somesvara was killed in a battle with Pandyas.[17] Maravarman Kulasekhara I (c. 1268) defeated an alliance of the Hoysalas and the Cholas (1279) and invaded Sri Lanka. The venerable Tooth Relic of the Buddha was carried away by the Pandyas. During this period the rule of the empire was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest.[17] An internal crisis in the Pandya empire coincided with the Khalji invasion of south India in 1310–11.[7] The ensuing political crisis saw more sultanate raids and plunder, the loss of south Kerala (1312), and north Sri Lanka (1323) and the establishment of the Madurai sultanate (c. 1334[1]).[18][19] In the mid-16th century, the Vijayanagara governors of Madurai declared independence and established the Madurai Nayak dynasty.[7] The Pandyas of Ucchangi (9th–13th century), in the Tungabhadra Valley were related to the Pandyas of Madurai.[7]
According to tradition, the legendary Sangams ("the Academies") were held in Madurai under the patronage of the Pandyas, and some of the Pandya rulers claim to be poets themselves. The Pandya country was home to a number of renowned temples including Meenakshi Temple in Madurai. After the revival of the Pandya power by Kadungon (7th century AD), the Shaivite nayanars and the Vaishnavite alvars rose to prominence.[20] It is known that the Pandya rulers followed Jainism for a short period of time in history.[7][21]
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