mention the housing programmes implemented by panchayath Raj system
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Answers
Explanation:
There are no universally accepted approaches to rural development. It is a choice
influenced by time, space and culture. The term rural development connotes overall
development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. In this sense, it is
a comprehensive and multidimensional concept, and encompasses the development of
agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries and crafts, socio-economic
infrastructure, community services and facilities and, above all, human resources in rural
areas. As a phenomenon, rural development is the end-result of interactions between
various physical, technological, economic, social, cultural and institutional factors. As a
strategy, it is designed to improve the economic and social well-being of a specific group
of people – the rural poor. As a discipline, it is multi-disciplinary in nature, representing
an intersection of agriculture, social, behavioural, engineering and management
sciences. (Katar Singh 1999).
In the Indian context rural development assumes greater significance as 72.22 per cent
(according to the 2001 census) of its population still live in rural areas. Most of the
people living in rural areas draw their livelihood from agriculture and allied sectors (60.41
% of total work force), and poverty mostly persists here (27.1 % in 1999-2000). At the
time of independence around 83 per cent of the Indian population were living in rural
areas. Accordingly, from the very beginning, our planned strategy emphasized rural
development and will continue to do so in future. Strategically, the focus of our planning
was to improve the economic and social conditions of the underprivileged sections of
rural society. Thus, economic growth with social justice became the proclaimed objective
of the planning process under rural development. It began with an emphasis on
agricultural production and consequently expanded to promote productive employment
opportunities for rural masses, especially the poor, by integrating production,
infrastructure, human resource and institutional development measures.
During the plan periods, there have been shifting strategies for rural development. The
First Plan (1951-56) was a period when community development was taken as a method
and national extension services as the agency for rural development. Co-operative
farming with local participation was the focus of the Second Plan (1956-61) strategy. The
Third Plan (1961-66) was the period of re-strengthening the Panchayati Raj System
through a democratic decentralized mechanism. Special Area Programmes were started
for the development of backward areas in the Fourth Plan (1969-74). In the Fifth Plan
(1974-79), the concept of minimum needs programme was introduced to eradicate
poverty in rural areas. There was a paradigm shift in the strategy for rural development
in the Sixth Plan (1980-85). The emphasis was on strengthening the socio-economic
infrastructure in rural areas, and initiatives were taken to alleviate disparities through the
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). During the Seventh Plan (1985-90),
a new strategy was chalked out to create skill-based employment opportunities under
different schemes. Special programmes for income generation through creation of
assets, endowments and land reforms were formulated for participation by the people at
the grassroots level.