mention the reason behind the break-up of the caliphate and the rise of sultanate .
Answers
Caliphates followed a very rigid and strict religious rule. With passage of time, these rules were modified and eased, to make life easier for the subjects. Gradually, it gave way to a more secular form of government known as Sultanate.
Caliphs ruled over Caliphates and he was their political as well as religious head. In a Sultanate ruled by a Sultan, the religious government is more liberal and people have more freedom.
Under pressure from the British, who ruled over millions of Muslims in their colonies, the government in Ankara abolished the caliphate on March 3, 1924.
All men, women, and children belonging to the Ottoman dynasty, one of the oldest dynasties in the world, were exiled.
The last caliph, Sultan Abdiilmecid, lived in France for 20 years.
This incident drew astonishment from across the Islamic world and some figures like King of Egypt Fuad and King of Hejaz Sharif Hussein wanted to assume the caliphate status.
However, neither were the Muslims in favor of this nor was Britain. No fruitful results came up from the Caliphate Council, which included Muslims from all around the world, either.
This is how one of the oldest institutions in the history of Islam sank into oblivion.