Mention types of shelters which would be provided to
cattels in dairy farming.
(b) mention the preventive measures taken to control disease of dairy animals?
Answers
a) here r the points..
:-
Provision of shelter for cattle
Cattle sheltering in shade provided by tree belt
Healthy cattle can tolerate a wide range of temperatures if they are acclimatised and have adequate feed and water. However, shelter can improve the welfare of the animal and reduce production losses. Animals without shelter need to put more energy into normal functioning and less into production.
Animals must be provided with shelter in times of above or below average temperatures. This can minimise the impact of climatic extremes and prevent suffering or possibly death.
1) Adverse weather
Adverse weather includes climatic extremes such as low temperatures with wind and rain combining to impose a severe chill factor, the sudden onset of prolonged wet and windy conditions, or heatwave conditions with sudden or prolonged severe heat. Cattle need access to shelter from these conditions. Whether natural or manmade, animals will seek out appropriate shelter for the prevailing conditions.
The amount of shelter provided should be sufficient for all animals to access it at the same time, and stocking rates may need to be adjusted to allow this. This will prevent overcrowding around areas of shade or water.
1) Hot weather
Dairy cows resting in shade where available during heat of day
Cattle lose heat primarily by respiration (from moist tissues in the respiratory system) as well as through transference of heat into the air and by evaporation of water from sweat.
Providing shelter enables cattle to shade from direct sun, reducing the extra heat load they take on (by up to 50 per cent). Heat stress and exhaustion should not occur if cattle are able to find shade and rest during the hottest part of the day.
Calves and pregnant cattle are more at risk of heat stress due to their lower heat threshold, as are animals with a history of respiratory disease due to a decreased ability to dissipate heat through panting.
In hot conditions where shade is available, cattle prefer to rest during the day and will spend the cooler parts of the day grazing.
If no trees are available, cattle will camp next to water such as dams or creeks during the day and feed at night. It has been demonstrated that cattle prefer shade over water in hot conditions and will spend more time resting and less time chewing their cud as ambient temperature increases.
a) Animals at highest risk of heat stress include:
over fat stock
young animals
dark coloured animals
high producing dairy cows
sick animals or animals that have previous history of respiratory disease.
Appetite is reduced during extreme heat and can result in decreased daily weight gains and feed efficiency. Provision of good quality, highly palatable feed and plenty of shelter during periods of hot weather will reduce the heat load of the animals and assist in maintaining normal feed intakes. Any new feed should be gradually introduced to reduce the risk of acidosis or metabolic disease.
b) we have cattle protection medicens and injunction which can only be given by a medical specialists...
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