Method of dna delivery in chloroplast transformation
Answers
Here are a few disadvantages:
Needs a lot of support– Only a
handful of people cannot bring about a change on their own. Most people do not
participate in the cleanliness campaign because they lack the will and the time
to do something for the greater good. Till the time the general public is not
involved completely, the objectives of the campaign cannot be achieved. It is
extremely difficult to change the mindset of people overnight.
Improbability of sustained effort-
There is a lack of sustained effort from the government’s side. For instance,
cleanliness drives are carried out in fits and starts (like before elections or
on certain days of national importance like Gandhi Jayanti) and not on a
regular basis. If government employees are given the job of maintaining
cleanliness, they will most likely not take it seriously because of their laid
back attitude. Also, it needs a lot of coordination between various departments.
Difficulty in enforcement- While people
are encouraged to participate in the Swach Bharat Abhiyaan, those who litter
the streets are neither pulled up nor penalized, unlike foreign countries where
one can be penalized for littering. Strict action needs to be taken against
those dirtying the surroundings. The campaign cannot work on its own. It needs
some legal basis too. However, these laws cannot be implemented or enforced
because a large percentage of Indians, especially in the rural areas still defecate
in the open.
No clear goals-
Sweeping the streets and getting people to use dustbins is not enough.
Additionally, all the household waste that is collected is not disposed off
effectively. It is either dumped in the open or put into landfills. An
efficient procedure needs to be established so that the collected waste does
not continue to pose a threat to the environment even after being collected.
Without it, the campaign is only about moving the waste from different places
to one place.
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Stable transformation of the chloroplast was first achieved in 1988, using the newly developed biolistic method of DNA delivery to introduce cloned DNA into the genome of the green unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
- Hope it helps!