methods of preparation of haloalkanes
Answers
Alkyl halides are formed by the substitution of a halogen atom for a hydrogen atom. When methane reacts with chlorine gas, ultraviolet light can act as a catalyst for the reaction.
CH4(g)+Cl2(g)−→−−−−UV lightCH3Cl(g)+HCl(g)
The reaction produces chloromethane and hydrogen chloride. When the mixture is allowed to react for longer periods of time further substitution reactions may occur.
CH3Cl(g)+Cl2(g)−→−−−−UV lightCH2Cl2(g)+HCl(g)
The product above is dichloromethane. Further substitution produces trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane, commonly called carbon tetrachloride. A mixture of products occurs in the reaction, with the relative amounts dependent upon the time that the reaction is allowed to proceed. Chlorofluorocarbons are produced by reacting chloroalkanes with hydrofluoric acid (HF) because the fluorine atom bonds preferentially to the carbon.
CCl4(g)+HF(g)−→−−SbF5CCl3F(g)+HCl(g)
The fluorine atom substitutes for a chlorine atom in the reaction.
1. From alcohol
a. By using hydrogen halide
b. By using PX3 ( X= Cl, Br ...)
c. By using PCl5
d. By using thionyl chloride ( SOCl2)
2. From alkanes: with chlorine in presence of light
3. From alkenes
4. From R- X by halogen exchange method
a. Swartz reaction
b. Finkelstein reaction
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