Question

microorganisms are cosmopolitan

Answer 1

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Answer 2

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Explanation:

Microbial ecology is undergoing a rapid process of testing hypotheses and relating results to principles that have been developed in other areas of ecology (Konopka, 2006; Prosser et al., 2007). Part of this process has been facilitated by the use of various molecular techniques that allow us to open the bacterial ‘black box’ and to assess community composition at different levels of resolution. For example, the development of fingerprint and cloning methods based on rRNA analysis to study bacterial community composition has allowed us to test ecological hypotheses derived from macroorganisms in different aquatic ecosystems (Reche et al., 2005; Horner-Devine et al., 2007; Pommier et al., 2007). Such studies are not without problems such as, for example, how to define the operational taxonomic unit to use when testing hypotheses. This is particularly difficult because there is no agreement on how to define a prokaryotic species (Cohan, 2002) and, in consequence, how to assess biodiversity. In a recent opinion article, Pedrós-Alió (2006) suggested differentiating the concepts of diversity and biodiversity in microbial studies by defining the former as being represented by that part of biodiversity that includes the abundant and active microbial taxa (so-called ‘core species’) that drive most ecosystem functions, and the latter by also including a seed bank of rare species that grow slowly or not at all. In fact, there is some evidence for bacterial community composition having few abundant and many rare taxa (Casamayor et al., 2000; Acinas et al., 2004). In any case, molecular techniques such as fingerprinting analyses of PCR-amplified rDNA, which are known to have a certain numerical detection thresholds, can be used to retrieve the diversity of the dominant bacterial taxa (Casamayor et al., 2002; Pedrós-Alió, 2006).

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