migration is different from tourism why?
Answers
Explanation:
Every year, millions of people permanently move between countries for work, or in search of a better or safer life. For some countries, the flow of people is mainly in one direction, while in others there are large numbers of both immigrants and emigrants. Australia, a large country with a relatively strong economy and low population density, has historically attracted high numbers of migrants, although many Australians also work overseas for extended periods. A research study by Dwyer et al. examines the links between permanent migration and tourism, finding that the link operates in both directions.
The study outlines the applicable statistics and trends in migrant and tourism numbers for Australia over the complete period 1980-2009, updating a previous study led by Dwyer in 1993. These data form the raw material to inform the statistical analyses and the modelling of the migration-induced economic impacts. The study period covers a time of high inward migration to Australia, with migrant intakes reaching an all-time high in parts of the early 21st century. As it has increased in scale, migration to and from Australia has become increasingly complex, with greater flows of skilled migrants as well as refugees, students and even shortterm employment seekers (transilient migrants). The diversity of migrant movements has added to the complexity of the relationship between migration and tourism, both inbound and outbound, The complexity extends to the various motives for short-term travel (including visiting friends and relatives, leisure and business travel) and long-term migration.
The results obtained in this study strongly indicate that migration patterns have a substantial influence on tourism flows to and from Australia. The results for international arrivals show that in 1991 migration was an important determinant of VFR [visiting friends and relatives] travel but had no effect on non-VFR travel. This study moreover indicates that it was no longer the case in 2006, with non-VFR travel now also affected by migration. Migration played a greater role in determining overall arrivals in 2006 than was the case in 1991. Migration also affects outbound travel, with migrants returning home to visit their friends and relatives. The rapid expansion of Australia as an exporter of education services, with over half a million international students now in Australia, also gives an increasing place for student populations as a tourism market and a driver of VFR tourism.
Modelling suggests that increased inbound tourism induced by migration will have a positive impact on the economy. A ten percent increase in migrants will increase GDP by Aus$74m, leading to a net welfare benefit of approximately the same amount ($74m). The impact on the economy of additional spending associated with additional VFR tourism will be a gain of Aus$15m in GDP and welfare benefit. Additional outbound tourism induced by migration will be a negative impact on the economy, though this impact will be smaller than the impact of inbound tourism.
Some other links between migration and tourism include: Permanent migrants who retain or forge business links with their country of origin may contribute to the expansion of Australia's international trade and stimulate business travel; migrants who visit their country of origin for VFR purposes may 'promote' Australia whether explicitly and implicitly, thereby prompting applications for Australian permanent resident status, as well as stimulating short-term visits; tourism to Australia may lead to migration if visitors see Australia as an attractive place to live.
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