minimum thermometer.
TRANSFER OF HEAT
To carry heat from one part of an object to its other part, or from one object to another object is
called transfer of heat. For example, if we dip a steel spoon in a cup of hot tea, we find that the
temperature of spoon rises and it becomes hot. Here, some of the heat contained in hot tea has been
transferred to spoon which is placed in it. In this example, heat moves from hot tea to the cold spoon. We
know that a utensil (like a frying pan) becomes hot when kept on the flame of a gas burner of the stove.
This is because heat from the hot flame is transferred to the cold utensil. And when a hot utensil is removed
from the gas burner, it cools down slowly. In this case, heat is transferred from the hot utensil to the
surroundings.
In general, we can say that: Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object. In other words, heat flows
from an object at higher temperature to another object at lower temperature. The flow of heat (or transfer
of heat) stops when the two objects attain the same temperature. This means that no heat will be transferred
from one object to another if the temperature of the two objects is the same (or equal). For example, if an
iron ball at a temperature of 40°C is dropped into a bucket containing water at the same temperature of
40°C, then heat will not flow either from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball (because both, the iron
ball and water, are at the same temperature of 40°C). We will now describe the various ways in which heat
can be transferred from a hot object to a cold object.
Heat can be transferred from a hot object to a cold object in three different ways:
(i) by conduction,
(ii) by convection, and
(iii) by radiation (or heat rays).
In solids, heat is transferred by conduction. In liquids and gases, heat is transferred by convection. And in
empty space or vacuum (having no medium like solid, liquid or gas), heat is transferred by radiation. We will
now describe conduction, convection and radiation in detail, one by one. Let us start with conduction.
CONDUCTION
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