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A natural catastrophe having unfortunate consequences is called a disaster. Biological disasters are natural scenarios involving disease, disability or death on a large scale among humans, animals and plants due to micro-organisms like bacteria, or virus or toxins.
In this article, you can read all about biological disaster management in India for IAS Exam. Disaster management is an important topic in the UPSC syllabus and one that is featured regularly in the newspapers. Here, you can read about the term, types, and the institutional and legal frameworks in India.
What is Biological Disaster?
Definition The devastating effects caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism that may spread disease, viruses or infestation of plant, animal or insect life on an epidemic or pandemic level
Epidemic Level Indicates a disaster that affects many people in a given area or community
Pandemic Level Indicates a disaster that affects a much larger region, sometimes an entire continent or even the whole planet. For example, the recent H1N1 or Swine Flu pandemic
Biological Disasters – Important Facts for UPSC
Nodal agency for handling epidemics – Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Decision-making
Advisory body
Emergency medical relief providing
Primary responsibility of dealing with biological disasters is with the State Governments. (Reason – Health is a State Subject).
Nodal agency for investigating outbreaks – National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD)
Nodal ministry for Biological Warfare – Ministry of Home Affairs (Biological warfare is the use of biological agents as an act of war)
Biological Disasters – Classifications
Charles Baldwin developed the symbol for biohazard in 1966.
Biological Disaster Management - Logo
The US Center for Disease Control classifies biohazards into four biosafety levels as follows:
BSL-1: Bacteria and Viruses including Bacillus subtilis, some cell cultures, canine hepatitis, and non-infections bacteria. Protection is only facial protection and gloves.
BSL-2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting such as hepatitis A, B, C, mumps, measles, HIV, etc. Protection – use of autoclaves for sterilizing and biological safety cabinets.
BSL-3: Bacteria and viruses causing severe to fatal disease in humans. Example: West Nile virus, anthrax, MERS coronavirus. Protection – Stringent safety protocols such as the use of respirators to prevent airborne infection.
BSL-4: Potentially fatal (to human beings) viruses like Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever virus, etc. Protection – use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air supply.
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Biological Disaster – Legislations
The following legislations have been enacted in India for the prevention of biohazards and implementation of protective, eradicative and containing measures when there is an outbreak:
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Rules (1986)
Disaster Management Act 2005, This provides for the institutional and operational framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, response, preparedness and recovery at all levels.
Prevention of Biological Hazards
The basic measure to prevent and control biohazards is the elimination of the source of contamination.
Preventive Measures for workers in the field (medical):
Engineering controls – to help prevent the spread of such disasters including proper ventilation, installing negative pressure, and usage of UV lamps.
Personal hygiene – washing hands with liquid soap, proper care for clothes that have been exposed to a probably contaminated environment.
Personal protection equipment – masks, protective clothing, gloves, face shield, eye shield, shoe covers.
Sterilisation – Using ultra heat or high pressure to eliminate bacteria or using biocide to kill microbes.
Respiratory protection – surgical masks, respirators, powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR), air-supplying respirators.
Prevention of Biological Disasters
Prevention includes the following measures that should be taken before (preventive), during and after any outbreaks.
Environmental Management:
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