Question

Mitochondrial respiratory chain biology discussion

Answer 1

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryoticorganisms. Some cells in some multicellularorganisms may, however, lack them (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids, and diplomonads, have also reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures.[1] To date, only one eukaryote, Monocercomonoides, is known to have completely lost its mitochondria.[2] The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, "thread", and χονδρίον, chondrion, "granule"[3] or "grain-like". Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[4] A mitochondrion was thus termed the powerhouse of the cell.[5]

Cell 

Answer 2

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain is composed of three main membrane-associated electron carriers flavoproteins (FMN, FAD), cytochromes, and quinones (coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone because it is a ubiquitous quinone in biological systems).

All these electron carriers reside within the inner membrane of the mitochondria and operate together to transfer electrons from donors, like NADH and FADH2, to acceptors, such as O2. The, electrons flow from carriers with more negative reduction potentials to those with more positive reduction potentials and eventually combine with O2 and H to form water.

However, the mitochondrial electron transport system is arranged into four enzyme complexes of carriers, each capable of transporting electrons part of the way to O2 ..

The four enzyme complexes of carriers are: NADH-Q oxidoreductase, succinate-Q-reductase, Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase. These complexes are the enzyme complex and each of them consists of different prosthetic groups

Sequential arrangement of four complexes of electron carriers in mitochondrial electron transport chain

Four enzyme complexes of mitocondrial electron transport chain

The process of mitochondrial electron transport chain is summarized in Figure 24.6, which shows the flow of electrons and protons through the four enzyme complexes of the transport chain.

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