Question

Modernization and fertility: a critical essay by richard

a. Easterlin

Answer 1

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Answer 2

 

This paper examines the effects of modernization on fertility. The 1st section discusses the meaning of modernization and associated changes in fertility behavior. The 2nd section focusses on the conceptual links between modernization and fertility. The last section presents some theoretical and empirical implications of the analysis. Various aspects of modernization, including improved public health and medical care, urbanization, new goods, and growth in formal education, affect supply, demand, and regulation costs. These aspects are linked to the adoption of fertility control. It is demonstrated that this approach could help explain differences in the timing of fertility decline and changes in fertility differentials by age and other social characteristics. Changes in demand and regulation costs are recognized as important in the transition, but changes in supply are also critical, as couples move from an era of social control over fertility to an era in which individual control is needed.