Question

Monosaccharides means ___________. Compound with one molecules of sugar Compound with 2 molecules of sugar Compound with many molecules of sugar All of the above​

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

This monosaccharide is a special substrate in mammalian metabolism since the pathway of glycolysis can occur in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic), when the end products are pyruvate and lactate.

James N. BeMiller, in Carbohydrate Chemistry for Food Scientists (Third Edition), 2019

Carbohydrate (a term derived from the German kohlenhydrate and the similar French hydrate de carbone) expresses the fact that most simple carbohydrates have the general elemental composition Cx(H2O)y (that is, they are molecules that contain carbon atoms plus hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the same ratio as they occur in water). Their composition is related to the fact that they are produced by photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water as indicated by the following unbalanced equation:

CO2 + H2O → a sugar + O2

However, the great majority of natural carbohydrate compounds found in living organisms do not have the simple empirical formula Cx(H2O)y. Rather most naturally occurring carbohydrates are oligomers (oligosaccharides [Chapter 3]) or polymers (polysaccharides [Chapter 4]) made by joining sugars with the simple empirical formula or sugars with modified structures related to the simple empirical formula. While lower–molecular weight carbohydrates for food use are often obtained by depolymerization of natural polymers, this book begins with a presentation of the simple sugars and builds from there to larger and more complex structures.

A characteristic of carbohydrates (which are also called saccharides) is that they contain chiral carbon atoms. A chiral carbon atom is a carbon atom that can exist in two different spatial arrangements (configurations). Chiral carbon atoms can be recognized easily because they are carbon atoms that have each of their four tetrahedral bonds connected to different atoms or groups of atoms. The two different arrangements of the four groups in space (configurations) are what are called nonsuperimposable mirror images (Fig. 1.1). In other words, one is the reflection of the other that one would see in a mirror, with everything on the right in one configuration on the left in the other and vice versa..