name any four feature present in colonial town?
Answers
Towns were often defined in opposition to rural areas. They came to denote particular forms of cultures and economic activities. People lived in the countryside by cultivation of land, forestry and animal raising. Towns when compared to cities inhabited craftsmen, merchants, administrators and government officials. Towns was dominated with rural populations, thriving on with surpluses and agricultural taxes. Towns were often fortified by walls symbolizing their isolation from the countryside.
EXPLANATION:
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the cities built by Mughals were renowned for their population concentration, monumental buildings and imperial size and wealth. The main imperial command and control hubs were Agra, Delhi and Lahore. Mansabdar and jagirdars who were given territories in various parts of the empire had house in cities as a symbol of status and prestige. The Emperor and the nobility's presence at these centers included the provision of a broad range of services. For the residences of the nobility, artisans developed exclusive work. Grain was moved from the countryside to city and military urban markets. Although housed in the imperial capital, the treasury frequently collected the Kingdom's revenue. The Emperor lived in a fortress and the city was surrounded by a wall, with different doors regulating entry and exit. Such cities featured parks, mosques, churches, houses, colleges and caravanseries. The city's attention was on the palace and the central mosque.
The temple was the main focus in the towns of southern India like Madurai and Kanchipuram. Such cities were also major shopping centers. Religious festivals were often held together with trade fairs and pilgrimages. The emperor was the highest authority and the chief protector of religious institutions in general. The interaction with other groups in society and the city decided their position. Medieval cities were places in which everybody could know their position within the ruling elite's social order. The colonial officer named the kotwal who supervised the city's internal affairs and police in northern India continued this work. In the eighteenth century all these things changed. The political and commercial changes led to a decline in the old cities and to the development of new towns and villages. Delhi and Agra have lost their political authority in the Mughal capitals.
Increasingly the importance of regional capital cities-the Lucknov, Hyderabad, Seringapatam, Poona (now Pune), Nagpur, Baroda (now Vadodara) and Tanjore (now Thanjavur) have reflected in the growth of new regional powers. The continuing war between the New Kingdoms led mercenaries to find ready jobs there too. Traders, managers, craftspeople and others migrated from the old Mughhal to these new Capitalists in pursuits of work and skills. Some local officials and Mughal officials in northern India also took advantage of this opportunity to establish new urban areas such as qasbah and ganj. The impact of political decentralization was, however, uneven. Renewed economic activity had taken place in some towns, and conflict, plunder and political uncertainty have led to economic decline. In the development of urban centres, the developments in trade networks have been mirrored. Early during the Mughal period, European commercial companies had formed a base in various places: the Portuguese in Panaji in 1510, the Netherlands in Masulipatnam in 1605, the British in Madras in 1639, and the French in Pondicherry in 1673.
As the business activity increased, the towns developed around these centers of commerce. The dominant European Empires of the sea were substituted by the end of the eighteenth century for the land-based empires of Asia. The essence of society was now determined by international trade powers, resources, and capitalism. A new period of transformation took place in the mid-eighteenth century. Trade facilities such as Surat, Masulipatnam and Dhaka were diminishing as trade shifted to other locations in the 17th century. With British political influence slowly won after the Plasseys war in 1757, and with the English East India Company steadily commercialized, new economic hubs arose colonial port cities, including Madras, Calcutta and Mumbai. These were also centres of political power and colonial administration. Modern structures and buildings have been created, and new ways of arranging urban spaces. These colonial cities had new occupations and people. By around 1800, they had been the largest population cities in India.
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Mention some of the public facility present in most colonial towns
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.......took care of civic amenities in colonial town
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