Name any two biocatalysts.
Answers
Answer: I WAS STUDYING ON IT MARK AS BRAINLIST
Biocatalysts have gained a significant boost nowadays in most industrial processes due to their appreciable merits over chemical catalysts. Again, homogeneous biocatalysts face the same problems associated with the chemical homogeneous catalysts such as reuse, separation, and cost-effectiveness of the process. Hence, immobilized or encapsulated biocatalysts are very significant in catalytic reactions. The use of immobilized enzymes can help to remarkably increase the production of fine and specialty chemicals because of ease in product separation and their reusability in consecutive process. Several supports have been used extensively for the immobilization of biocatalysts such as silica, glass beads, polymers, resins, alginates, silica composites, alumina, etc. The use of carbonaceous supports was reported earlier but not fully exploited in the immobilization of biocatalysts. By considering the higher cost of biocatalysts, supports such as carbon material prepared from waste biomass are typically preferred over other supports stated earlier. The main drawbacks of the heterogeneous biocatalyzed process are that productivity is controlled by the diffusion phenomenon and internal mass transfer diffusional resistance is more prominent. Thus, most of the active sites in the supported biocatalysts remain unused and ultimately minimizes productivity. Several other conventional problems are intrinsic to bioprocesses such as deactivation and hampering of enzymatic activity due to contamination, low productivity per unit time, stringent operating conditions, and small-scale production as compared to chemical processes [38,39]. The carbon supported or immobilized biocatalysts have numerous applications in many chemical processes. However, the pH of the solution during the immobilization process alters the activity and loading of biocatalysts on the support surface. Different carbon materials have been used for the immobilization of laccase, whereas graphene oxide was found to be more effective in immobilizing the laccase enzyme with good enzymatic activity and stability [40]. Activated carbon can also serve as an effective support for the immobilization of glucoamylase by the adsorption phenomenon. The thermal stability of glucoamylase used for the hydrolysis of starch dextrin was improved by approximately two- to threefold as compared to homogeneous enzymes [41]. However, there are many techniques available for the preparation and immobilization of soluble enzymes on solid supports to enhance their properties and activity when reused. Growth of carbon nanofibers on alumina has been very recently developed as supports and is very excellent due to their tunable surface properties and higher hydrophobicity [42]. The most prominent enzymes used in the transformation of biomass into valuable products are cellulosic enzymes, xylanase, ligninase lipase, etc. In the present chapter, emphasis was placed on biotechnology for biofuels, thus lipase is of utmost interest. It is evident that the alkaline transesterification of triglycerides can lead to issues with the purification and separation of the product from glycerol, whereas the clear separation of glycerol can be achieved in a lipase enzyme catalyzed transesterification process [43]. The lipase enzymes are very selective catalysts and are cost-effective when extracted from Thermomyces lanuginosus for the transesterification sunflower oil [44]. However, commercialization of the lipase catalyzed process is restricted due to the production costs of lipase because of complexities in catalyst separation. The enzymes coupled with ionic liquids can also serve as a stable, active, and durable catalyst in the catalytic system [45]. However, the advantage of using ionic liquids associated with enzymes is suppressed by its drawbacks such as very low reaction rates due to poor solubility of the triglycerides in ionic liquids, the requirement of a high amount of alcohol to drive the equilibrium to the product side, and the high cost of the catalyst due to its deactivation in the presence of methanol [46]. To overcome these issues, a suggested technique is to use immobilized enzymes in a solid support for the production of biodiesel.
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Answer:
microbes and lipases
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