name several molecules of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides and give function and source of each
Answers
Answer:
Monosaccharides- Glucose, Fructose
Disaccharides- Sucrose, Lactose
Polysaccharides- Cellulose, Starch
Explanation:
1) A monosaccharide is a simple sugar that serves as the foundation for more complex sugars.
a) Glucose- found in nature and is widely used.
Source- found in abundance in fruits, plant fluids, and other plant organs.
Function- Acts as a primary source of energy and a crucial metabolic intermediary in cellular respiration
It circulates in the blood of animals and is also referred to as blood sugar.
b) Fructose- a ketonic monosaccharide that is the sweetest carbohydrate found in nature
Source- occurs naturally in plants, especially fruits, root vegetables, and other edibles.
Function- It provides energy as an alternate metabolite, especially when glucose is insufficient and metabolic energy demand is high.
2) Disaccharides- any material made up of two monosaccharides connected together.
a) Sucrose- composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule linked by an α-,β-linkage
Source- dates, honey, sugarcane, etc.
Function- provides energy for performing mental and physical activity
b) Lactose- composed of glucose and galactose linked by β-linkage
Source- milk of mammals
Function- used in pharmaceutical and food industries
3) Polysaccharides- These are the most common form of natural carbohydrates, often known as glycan. They are polymeric carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds.
a) Cellulose
Source- Fruits, nuts, vegetables, seeds, and other plant foods
Function- enabling cells to endure the turgor pressure of their internal fluids
regulating the shape of plant cells and signaling cells to develop and divide
b) Starch
Source- manufactured in green leaves of plants
Function- helps in energy storage in plants
Answer:
Monomer: D-glucose is formed by the breakdown of sucrose, cellulose, starch, etc. It circulates in the human blood and serves as a source of energy during aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
Disaccharide: sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose units naturally found in vegetables and fruits. Commercially extracted either from beet or sugarcane. Also called beet sugar. During digestion, it is hydrolysed into fructose and glucose which serves as an energy source.
Polysaccharide: Cellulose is composed of monosaccharide units β-1,4 linked d-glucose forming a linear chain which could be made up of thousands to ten thousand monomeric units. It is the most abundant polymer found in the cell wall o the plants providing structural support and thereby stiffness to the plant body.
Explanation:
Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They function as energy sources for the body (glucose), serve the role of energy stores (glycogen) or structural polymers (chitin). The general molecular formula for carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y.
They can be divided into four groups based on the number of monomers: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide.
Monosaccharides: They are simple sugars that have a sweet taste and are the monomers of carbohydrates that form a glycosidic bond to form polymers. They are found naturally in fruits, honey, etc.
Example: D-glucose is formed by the breakdown of sucrose, cellulose, starch, etc. It circulates in the human blood and serves as a source of energy during aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
Disaccharides: they are referred to as double sugar formed by the joining of any two monosaccharide units by a glycosidic bond.
Examples: Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose units naturally found in vegetables and fruits. Commercially extracted either from beet or sugarcane. Also called beet sugar. During digestion, it is hydrolysed into fructose and glucose which serves as an energy source.
Polysaccharide: also called poly-carbohydrate is a polymeric carbohydrate formed by the joining of many monosaccharides in glycosidic bonds. They are abundantly found carbohydrates in food. They are either homopolysaccharide which is made up of a single type of monosaccharide unit or heteropolysaccharide which are made up of different types of monosaccharides. They serve various functions like structural, cellular signalling or energy storage.
Examples: Cellulose is composed of monosaccharide units β-1,4 linked d-glucose forming a linear chain which could be made up of thousands to ten thousand monomeric units. It is the most abundant polymer found in the cell wall o the plants providing structural support and thereby stiffness to the plant body.