Name Sub Atomic no. of Atoms
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an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element. An atom can be classified as a particular element based solely on its atomic number. For example, any atom with an atomic number of 8 (its nucleus contains 8 protons) is an oxygen atom, and any atom with a different number of protons would be a different element. The periodic table (see figure below) displays all of the known elements and is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. In this table, an element's atomic number is indicated above the elemental symbol. Hydrogen, at the upper left of the table, has an atomic number of 1. Every hydrogen atom has one proton in its nucleus. Next on the table is helium, whose atoms have two protons in the nucleus. Lithium atoms have three protons, beryllium atoms have four, and so on.
Since atoms are neutral, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons. Hydrogen atoms all have one electron occupying the space outside of the nucleus. Helium, with two protons, will have two electrons. In the chemical classroom, the proton count will always be equivalent to an atom's atomic number. This value will not change unless the nucleus decays or is bombarded (nuclear physics).

Figure 3.4.13.4.1: The periodic table of the elements.
Mass Number
Experimental data showed that the vast majority of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons. The mass number (represented by the letter A) is defined as the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Consider the table below, which shows data from the first six elements of the periodic table.
Table 3.4.13.4.1: Atoms of the First Six ElementshydrogenHH11011.01heliumHeHe22224.00lithiumLiLi33436.94berylliumBeBe44549.01boronBB556510.18carbonCC666612.01
View animations showing the atomic structure of the first 11 elements on the periodic table at http://web.visionlearning.com/custom...imations.shtml
Consider the element helium. Its atomic number is 2, so it has two protons in its nucleus. Its nucleus also contains two neutrons. Since 2+2=42+2=4, we know that the mass number of the helium atom is 4. Finally, the helium atom also contains two electrons, since the number of electrons must equal the number of protons. This example may lead you to believe that atoms have the same number of protons and neutrons, but a further examination of the table above will show that this is not the case. Lithium, for example, has three protons and four neutrons, giving it a mass number of 7.
Knowing the mass number and the atomic number of an atom allows you to determine the number of neutrons present in that atom by subtraction.
\[\text{Number of neutrons} = \text{ rounded mass number} - \text{atomic number}\]
Atoms of the element chromium (Cr)(Cr) have an atomic number of 24 and a mass number of 52. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a chromium atom? To determine this, you would subtract as shown:
52−24=28neutrons in a chromium atom(3.4.1)(3.4.1)52−24=28neutrons in a chromium atom
The composition of any atom can be illustrated with a shorthand notation called A/Z format. Both the atomic number and mass are written to the left of the chemical symbol. The "A" value is written as a superscript while the "Z" value is written as a subscript. For an example of this notation, look to the chromium atom shown below:
Cr2452(3.4.2)(3.4.2)Cr2452
Another way to refer to a specific atom is to write the mass number of the atom after the name, separated by a hyphen. Symbol-mass format for the above atom would be written as Cr-52. In this notation, the atomic number is not included. You will need to refer to a periodic table for proton values.
Example 3.4.13.4.1:
Calculate each of the three subatomic particles and give specific group or period names for each atom.
mercury
platinum
bromine
Solutions
Hg (transition metal)- has 80 electrons, 80 protons, and 121 neutrons
Pt (transition metal)- has 78 electrons, 78 protons, and 117 neutrons
Br (halogen)- has 35 electrons, 35 protons, and 45 neutrons
Example 3.4.23.4.2:
Write both A/Z and symbol-mass formats for the atoms in Example 3.4.13.4.1.
Solutions
Hg80201Hg80201 and Hg-201
Pt78195Pt78195 and Pt-195
Br3580Br3580 and Br-80
Example 3.4.33.4.3:
Identify the elements based on the statements below.
Which element has 25 protons?
Which element has 0 neutrons?
Which element has 83 electrons?
Solutions
a. manganese
b. hydrogen
c. bismuth
Contributors
CK-12 Foundation by Sharon Bewick, Richard Parsons, Therese Forsythe, Shonna Robinson, and Jean Dupon.
Allison Soult, Ph.D. (Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky)
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3.3: Subatomic Particles - Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
3.5: Isotopes
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Since atoms are neutral, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons. Hydrogen atoms all have one electron occupying the space outside of the nucleus. Helium, with two protons, will have two electrons. In the chemical classroom, the proton count will always be equivalent to an atom's atomic number. This value will not change unless the nucleus decays or is bombarded (nuclear physics).

Figure 3.4.13.4.1: The periodic table of the elements.
Mass Number
Experimental data showed that the vast majority of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons. The mass number (represented by the letter A) is defined as the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Consider the table below, which shows data from the first six elements of the periodic table.
Table 3.4.13.4.1: Atoms of the First Six ElementshydrogenHH11011.01heliumHeHe22224.00lithiumLiLi33436.94berylliumBeBe44549.01boronBB556510.18carbonCC666612.01
View animations showing the atomic structure of the first 11 elements on the periodic table at http://web.visionlearning.com/custom...imations.shtml
Consider the element helium. Its atomic number is 2, so it has two protons in its nucleus. Its nucleus also contains two neutrons. Since 2+2=42+2=4, we know that the mass number of the helium atom is 4. Finally, the helium atom also contains two electrons, since the number of electrons must equal the number of protons. This example may lead you to believe that atoms have the same number of protons and neutrons, but a further examination of the table above will show that this is not the case. Lithium, for example, has three protons and four neutrons, giving it a mass number of 7.
Knowing the mass number and the atomic number of an atom allows you to determine the number of neutrons present in that atom by subtraction.
\[\text{Number of neutrons} = \text{ rounded mass number} - \text{atomic number}\]
Atoms of the element chromium (Cr)(Cr) have an atomic number of 24 and a mass number of 52. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a chromium atom? To determine this, you would subtract as shown:
52−24=28neutrons in a chromium atom(3.4.1)(3.4.1)52−24=28neutrons in a chromium atom
The composition of any atom can be illustrated with a shorthand notation called A/Z format. Both the atomic number and mass are written to the left of the chemical symbol. The "A" value is written as a superscript while the "Z" value is written as a subscript. For an example of this notation, look to the chromium atom shown below:
Cr2452(3.4.2)(3.4.2)Cr2452
Another way to refer to a specific atom is to write the mass number of the atom after the name, separated by a hyphen. Symbol-mass format for the above atom would be written as Cr-52. In this notation, the atomic number is not included. You will need to refer to a periodic table for proton values.
Example 3.4.13.4.1:
Calculate each of the three subatomic particles and give specific group or period names for each atom.
mercury
platinum
bromine
Solutions
Hg (transition metal)- has 80 electrons, 80 protons, and 121 neutrons
Pt (transition metal)- has 78 electrons, 78 protons, and 117 neutrons
Br (halogen)- has 35 electrons, 35 protons, and 45 neutrons
Example 3.4.23.4.2:
Write both A/Z and symbol-mass formats for the atoms in Example 3.4.13.4.1.
Solutions
Hg80201Hg80201 and Hg-201
Pt78195Pt78195 and Pt-195
Br3580Br3580 and Br-80
Example 3.4.33.4.3:
Identify the elements based on the statements below.
Which element has 25 protons?
Which element has 0 neutrons?
Which element has 83 electrons?
Solutions
a. manganese
b. hydrogen
c. bismuth
Contributors
CK-12 Foundation by Sharon Bewick, Richard Parsons, Therese Forsythe, Shonna Robinson, and Jean Dupon.
Allison Soult, Ph.D. (Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky)
Back to top
3.3: Subatomic Particles - Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
3.5: Isotopes
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sub atomic particles include:
1) protons made of two up and one down quarks
2) electrons and
3) neutrons made of two down and one up quarks.
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