Question

Name the factor who decline the forest in india

Answer 1

first population

secondhand increasing the demand of land and food

Answer 2

Agents and direct and underlying causes
of forest decline
Forest decline is the result of actions by a number of
agents. Agents are individuals, groups of individuals or
institutions that directly convert forested lands to other
uses or that intervene in forests without necessarily
causing deforestation but substantially reducing their
productive capacity. Agents include shifted cultivators,
private and government logging companies, mining and
oil and farming corporations, forest concessionaires and
ranchers. These agents clear forest lands or selectively
exploit forests for agricultural expansion, to subsist, for
mining, to obtain forest products and fuelwood, etc.
Loggers are usually blamed for most of the deforestation
and degradation that takes place in the world. However
their actions in the tropics are often limited to the
extraction of a few trees per hectare and therefore they
do not directly deforest large areas. Even so, by building
roads and facilitating access, loggers open vast areas to
other agents such as landless migrants. Their
interventions also cause forest degradation as they
remove the most valuable species of trees and the logging
operations generally produce substantial damage to the
remaining stands.
This is also often the case of miners and oil operators.
Some mining activities, such as open pit mining and
small-scale mining, cause great direct damage to forests.
The construction of access roads and the penetration of
forest areas by other agents compound this effect.
Agents act with different intensities in various regions
and countries. In tropical Latin America, landless
peasants in search of public forest lands to grow crops
for survival and cattle ranchers, in some cases supported
by governments, are important agents of deforestation.
In Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, mining corporations and
individual miners clear large areas of forests (MineWatch
1997; Miranda et al. 1998). Commercial farmers have
cleared forests for soybean exports in Brazil, Bolivia and
Paraguay. Illegal miners have incurred great damage to
Venezuelan forest resources, as well as causing other
environmental problems (Miranda et al. 1998). Loggers
searching for valuable woods degrade forests and
facilitate deforestation in the Guyana Shield.
In North America, oil companies have identified for
possible exploitation the extensive oil sands in Alberta,
which are largely under forests. If oil sand projects were
implemented, they would pose a great threat to the boreal
forests of Canada.1
Loggers are claimed to be important
agents of degradation in the forests of the US Pacific
Northwest and Western Canada.
They are also critical actors in deforestation and forest
degradation in Southeast Asia and Siberia. Agricultural
concerns clear large tracts of forest lands in Malaysia
and Indonesia to establish agro-industrial plantations
(Kartodiharjo and Supriono 2000). Fuelwood collectors
deforest and degrade areas around South Asian cities.
Loggers are again the main agents of forest decline in
Central and West Africa. But are peasants as well as
fuelwood collectors are also important in drier areas of
the Sahel. Pastoralists are particularly active in the
Sudano-Sahelian and Eastern African subregions, where
remaining trees and woodlands are under the most
severe pressure for dry season browse and fodder. Wood
supplies 70% of total energy use in Sub-Saharan Africa,
and fuelwood collectors account for over 85% of the
wood removed from the forests and woodlands. Loggers
selectively exploit forests in various forest-rich
countries of Africa, setting the stage for deforestation
by other agents.
Agents deforest and degrade forests for complex reasons
and conditions in their decision-making environments.
Their decisions to expand agricultural operations, cattle
ranching, logging, etc. immediately impinge upon
forests. They are in search of commercial profits, or
means of subsistence. We call these motivational factors
the direct causes of deforestation. They are the most
apparent causes.