Name the laws which are implemented to control the quality of seeds, fertilizers and insecticides?
Answers
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Correct use of pesticides crucial for health and environment
Improper use of pesticides might involve risks to health and environment. This is why the common agricultural policy promotes the sustainable use of plant protection products in a variety of ways:
most direct payments to farmers are no longer linked to production, reducing the incentive to produce more than is needed and to intensify the use of pesticides
‘green’ direct payments are given to farmers for agricultural practices that are beneficial for the climate and the environment
agri-environmental measures are designed to reduce the risks of environmental degradation and enhance the sustainability of agro-ecosystems
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Subsidies on inputs have their root in Green revolution. That time extensive subsidies were given on Hybrid seeds, Fertilizers, pesticides etc. main aim of subsidies are two – one is to keep cost of the food grains at minimum and avoiding food inflation, second is to ensure income security of the farmer. While this policy has helped a lot to secure food sufficiency, yet it has many unintended negative impacts. It results in overuse of inputs as inputs costs doesn’t represent adequate market costs, farmers are unable to respond to market signals. They continue to use skewed mix of inputs as costs are borne by government.
Seeds
Many schemes such Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna, Macro Management Agriculture, Integrated Scheme for oilseeds, pulses, oil palm and maize (ISOPOM); Technology missions for cotton, National food security Mission etc. provide for subsidized seeds. Some of them also provide incentives for investment in Seed manufacturing infrastructure and upgradations.
New Policy on Seed Development (NPSD) includes permitting 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) under the automatic route. The thrust is also on creating a seed bank.
There are three stages in seed production cycle. At first stage Breeder seeds are developed by ‘Indian Council of Agricultural Research’ (ICAR), National Seeds Corporation or state farms corporations. In second stage Foundation Seeds are developed by NSC, SFCs or State seeds corporations and then finally Certified Seeds are produced and distributed to all farmers.
Certification is done by state agricultural universities or private organizations authorized by ‘Indian Council of Agricultural Research’
Hybrid Seeds
Hybrid seeds are obtained by cross pollination of different varieties of related plants. These seeds were instrumental in green revolution. These seeds combine desirable properties of two related plants. Using a method of controlled crossing devised by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century, plant breeders can now produce seed that combines the desired traits of two pure parent lines in the first generation itself.
One drawback was that these seeds don’t regenerate seeds of same quality. So every time farmers have to buy new seeds. In case of conventional seeds, farmers could use reproduced seeds by current crop. In that sense hybrid seeds pushed up Input costs for the farmers and multinational companies like Cargill Inc. established their monopoly over the market.
Now there is growing clamour both for and against genetically modified variety of seeds. Its supporters believe that it can get world rid of starvation, whereas opponents fear negative effects on environment, biodiversity and health.