Question

Name the revolution of england which transferred the powers from king to parliament

Answer 1

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I. The failure of absolutism in England
• Kings Stuart James I (reign, 1603-1625) and Charles I (reign, 1625-1649) attempt to establish an absolute monarchy. They clash with the English Parliament of the House of Lords and the House of Commons, which seeks to guarantee the tradition of English liberties.
• There is widespread dissatisfaction in the country, especially among Puritans, victims of persecution (many of these Calvinists had to emigrate to America). They denounce the annals of the King and the Anglican Church as well as the customs taxes which are detrimental to trade.
• To fight the revolt of the Scots, Charles I must convene the Parliament, which takes advantage of the situation to put pressure on the king. After lengthy negotiations, the ruler attempted a coup and arrested five Puritan deputies. The people of London rise up and the king must flee in January 1642.
II. The Great Rebellion (1642-1660)
• A civil war pits the king's supporters, known as the "Cavaliers", and the defenders of the Parliament nicknamed "Round Heads". The latter are led by a Puritan gentleman, Oliver Cromwell. In 1648, the royalists were defeated, Charles I was executed.
• The Republic is proclaimed. In reality, the power goes to Cromwell who takes the title of "Lord protector". Until his death in 1658, he exercised a veritable Puritan dictatorship. He keeps in Parliament only the deputies who are favorable to him; games and dances are forbidden, theaters closed.
• After Cromwell's death, Parliament decides to restore the monarchy. However, it takes a precautionary measure by adopting the habeas corpus law (1679) which prohibits arbitrary arrests and guarantees individual freedoms.
III. The Glorious Revolution (1688)
• In 1688, James II (reign, 1685-1688) had his son baptized by a Catholic priest. The Parliament fears that with the support of the very Catholic Louis XIV, the king imposes the return to Catholicism.
• Parliament appealed to William of Orange (reign, 1689-1702), Protestant prince of the United Provinces and son-in-law of James II. The latter then takes refuge in France. It's the Glorious Revolution.
• After swearing loyalty to the Bill of Rights, William became King of England in 1689. His reign opened an era of economic prosperity.
• England is then a parliamentary monarchy: the Parliament governs the country, the king being satisfied to choose the Prime Minister within the majority party. England becomes a country of tolerance and freedom. Only Catholics, who are suspected of being supportive of absolutism, are worried.

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