Question

nature of cognitive abilities​

Answer 1

Cognitive ability is one of the most extensively studied topics within the field of behavioral genetics (McGue & Bouchard, 1998). Cognitive ability, sometimes referred to as general intelligence (g), is essential for human adaptation and survival. It includes the capacity to “reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience” (Plomin, 1999). Beyond memorization or imitation, intelligence supports the ability to comprehend situations, figure out what is needed, and plan a course of action. Cognitive ability is closely associated with educational attainment, occupation, and health outcomes (Plomin & Von Stumm, 2018). The question of how genetics and environment contribute to cognitive ability in adolescence becomes a central issue as we consider the life choices and pathways that become available to young people during this sensitive period of life.

Cognitive ability is one of the most extensively studied topics within the field of behavioral genetics (McGue & Bouchard, 1998). Cognitive ability, sometimes referred to as general intelligence (g), is essential for human adaptation and survival. It includes the capacity to “reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience” (Plomin, 1999). Beyond memorization or imitation, intelligence supports the ability to comprehend situations, figure out what is needed, and plan a course of action. Cognitive ability is closely associated with educational attainment, occupation, and health outcomes (Plomin & Von Stumm, 2018). The question of how genetics and environment contribute to cognitive ability in adolescence becomes a central issue as we consider the life choices and pathways that become available to young people during this sensitive period of life.Early studies of cognitive ability with MZTs and DZTs as well as adoption studies report a heritability of about 0.50 (McGue & Bouchard, 1998). Heritability estimates increase with age, with studies reporting estimates over 0.80 for MZTs in adolescence and adulthood (Finkel, Pedersen, McGue, & McClearn, 1995; McGue, Bouchard, Iacono, & Lykken, 1993). One implication is that the genetic contribution to cognitive ability may change as children mature. For example, genetic factors that support sensorimotor investigation and categorization in infancy may play a different role as they support spatial learning and problem-solving in middle childhood and adolescence (Plomin, 1999). Another implication is that genetic capacities play an increasing role in the choices young people make, the people they choose to interact with, the pursuit of educational and occupational goals, and the kinds of activities they find stimulating. The idea of genetic-environment correlation suggests that the person’s cognitive abilities shape the nature of their social, leisure, health, and occupational environments. The concept of genetic × environment interaction suggests that depending on one’s sensitivity to environmental conditions, specific features of the environment may accentuate or suppress one’s genetic potential.

Answer 2

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•Cognitive abilities

Cognitive ability, sometimes referred to as general intelligence (g), is essential for human adaptation and survival. It includes the capacity to “reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience” (Plomin, 1999).

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