Question

nature of indian state: historical and ideological basis​

Answer 1

Answer:

This article describes the nature, history, and significance of ideologies in terms of the philosophical, political, and international contexts in which they have arisen. Particular categories of ideology are discussed in the articles socialism, communism, anarchism, fascism, nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism.

Origins And Characteristics Of Ideology

The word first made its appearance in French as idéologie at the time of the French Revolution, when it was introduced by a philosopher, A.-L.-C. Destutt de Tracy, as a short name for what he called his “science of ideas,” which he claimed to have adapted from the epistemology of the philosophers John Locke and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, for whom all human knowledge was knowledge of ideas. The fact is, however, that he owed rather more to the English philosopher Francis Bacon, whom he revered no less than did the earlier French philosophers of the Enlightenment. It was Bacon who had proclaimed that the destiny of science was not only to enlarge human knowledge but also to “improve the life of men on earth,” and it was this same union of the programmatic with the intellectual that distinguished Destutt de Tracy’s idéologie from those theories, systems, or philosophies that were essentially explanatory. The science of ideas was a science with a mission: it aimed at serving people, even saving them, by ridding their minds of prejudice and preparing them for the sovereignty of reason.

Destutt de Tracy and his fellow idéologues devised a system of national education that they believed would transform France into a rational and scientific society. Their teaching combined a fervent belief in individual liberty with an elaborate program of state planning, and for a short time under the Directory (1795–99) it became the official doctrine of the French Republic. Napoleon at first supported Destutt de Tracy and his friends, but he soon turned against them, and in December 1812 he even went so far as to attribute blame for France’s military defeats to the influence of the idéologues, of whom he spoke with scorn.

Thus ideology has been from its inception a word with a marked emotive content, though Destutt de Tracy presumably had intended it to be a dry, technical term. Such was his own passionate attachment to the science of ideas, and such was the high moral worth and purpose he assigned to it, that the word idéologie was bound to possess for him a strongly laudatory character. And equally, when Napoleon linked the name of idéologie with what he had come to regard as the most detestable elements in Revolutionary thought, he invested the same word with all of his feelings of disapprobation and mistrust. Ideology was, from this time on, to play this double role of a term both laudatory and abusive not only in French but also in German, English, Italian, and all the other languages of the world into which it was either translated or transliterated.

Answer 2

Answer: The explanation is given below:-

Explanation:

• Morris Jones studied political structures and processes to comprehend India's state. He emphasized the role of democratic institutions in bringing about change. He emphasized political institutions' power to affect economic and social transformation.
• With a liberal democratic constitution and universal suffrage, the Indian political system would develop democratic decision-making, rational administration, and modern citizenship.
• This mix of democratic philosophy, economic prosperity, and distributive justice presented a rare chance to reshape a previously apolitical society, with politics as the primary agent of change.
• This reflects the optimism of democratic institutions. Rajni Kothari, Atul Kohli, The Rudolphs, and Gunnar Myrdal critique the Indian state liberally. Gunnar Myrdal attacked the state's incapacity to alleviate poverty or enforce laws, dubbing it a "soft state."
• Liberals focus on institutions and processes to understand India's political power.
• State is important to social progress and transformation.
• According to the Rudolphs, the Indian state has two groups: 'owners of production' and 'labourers' The state, as a mediator between two warring factions, must remain autonomous to ensure structural unity.
• State is "third actor" The Rudolphs say India is weak-strong.
• Large fundamental industry, secularism give it strength. Democracy, socialism, and a diversified economy reduce conflicts. Caste-class disputes, religious extremism and communalism, increased political mobilisation, etc. make it weak.

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