Question

Necessity is indeed the mother of invention. When areas in and around Leh began to

experience water shortages, life didn’t grind to a halt. Why? Because Chewang

Norphel, a retired civil engineer in the Jammu and Kashmir government came up with

the idea of artificial glaciers. Ladakh, a cold desert at an altitude of 3,000-3,500 metres

above sea level, has a low average annual rainfall rate of 50mm. Glaciers have always

been the only source of water.

Agriculture is completely dependent on glacier melt unlike the rest of river/monsoon-

fed India. But over the years with increasing effects of climate change, rainfall and

snowfall patterns have been changing, resulting in severe shortage and drought

situations. Given the severe winter conditions, the window for farming is usually limited

to one harvest season.

It is located between the natural glacier above and the village below. The one closer

to the village and lowest in altitude melts first, providing water during April/May, the

crucial sowing season. Further layers of ice above melt with increasing temperature

thus ensuring continuous supply to the fields. Thus, farmers have been able to

manage two crops instead of one. It costs about Rs.1,50,000 and above to create

one.Fondly called the “glacier man”, Mr. Norphel has designed over 15 artificial

glaciers in and around Leh since 1987. In recognition of his pioneering effort, he was

conferred the Padma Shri by President Pranab Mukherjee, in 2015. There are few

basic steps followed in creating the artificial glacier.

River or stream water at higher altitude is diverted to a shaded area of the hill, facing

north, where the winter sun is blocked by a ridge or a mountain range. At the start of

winter/November, the diverted water is made to flow onto sloping hill face through

distribution channels. Stone embankments are built at regular intervals which impede

the flow of water, making shallow pools and freeze, forming a cascade of ice along the

slope. Ice formation continues for 3-4 months resulting in a large accumulation of ice​

Answer 1

Explanation:

Before writing a formal letter for school, one must be aware of the rules to be followed while writing the letter. Some of the key points to remember while writing a formal letter to school are listed below:

Don’t use flowery language,

Don’t use abbreviations and slang language,

The letter must be precise and the message should be direct,

Always include the subject line,

Always follow the formal letter format for school

Answer 2

Answer:

algorithm is a series of well defined steps which gives a procedure for solving a type of problem.