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Explanation:ANSWERS TO EXERCISES A. Choose the correct option and complete the sentence: 1. (a) Rashrakutas 2. (d) Dharampala 3. (b) Ujjain 4. (b) Ur B. Fill in the blanks: 1. Temples 2. Natraja 3. Rashtrakutas 4. Gurjara Pratiharas 5. Samantas C. State True or False: 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False D. Short-answer questions: 1. There are many theories about the origin of the Rajputs. Some called themselves Suryavanshi, ‘descendants of the Sun God’, or Chandravanshi, ‘descendants of the Moon God’. Some were called Agnikulas. They are believed to have been born out of a fire pit. 2. Kanauj was located in the fertile Gangetic plains and hence coveted by all the dynasties. It was believed that whoever had control over Kanauj would have access to rich agriculture, minerals and booming trade of the entire region. Thus, all the three dynasties were eager to conquer Kanauj. The constant struggle for Kanauj is known as the Tripartite Struggle. This went on for about three centuries and weakened all three dynasties. 7 3. Mahmud of Ghazni was extremely courageous and ambitious. He wanted to make Ghazni rich and powerful. He was attracted to the wealth of India and wanted to plunder it. He invaded India seventeen times and his targets were wealthy temples against which he carried out successful expeditions. Mahmud used the wealth to create a beautiful Ghazini. He built libraries, mosques, gardens, a university and a museum in Ghazini which also became a centre of fine arts and culture. 4. Mahmud’s invasions had far reaching effects. Punjab became a Muslim territory for nearly 150 years. Also, temples and works of art were destroyed. The economy was devastated as large amounts of wealth were carried away to Ghazni. Most importantly, these invasions paved the way for further invasions that changed India’s history. 5. The Second Battle of Tarain is believed to be the most significant battle in the history of India as it opened the path for other conquerors into India. Muhammad Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aybak as his viceroy in India. Qutb-ud-din became the first Muslim Sultan of Delhi after the death of Muhammad of Ghor and established the Delhi Sultanate. 6. The First Battle of Tarain took place in 1191 whereas the Second Battle of Tarain took place in 1192. In the first Battle of Tarain, Muhammad Ghori was defeated whereas in the Second Battle of Tarain, Prithiviraj Chauhan lost. 7. The king appointed officials, often from within the family, for revenue collection. The position was mostly hereditary. E. Long-answer questions: 1. Temples were very important in the Chola Empire because they were not only the place of worship, but also the centres of social life and economic activities. They used to collect revenue and get free land grants. Festivals were celebrated in the temples with great pomp and splendour. People met here to discuss social problems and solve issues. They became centres of political power. Schools and even hospitals were attached to these temple complexes which were self-sufficient communities with priests, craftsmen, dancers, musicians, tailors, goldsmiths, accountants, cooks and many others. 2. The Cholas set up a three-tier administrative system. The king was the head of the administration. He was considered as God’s representative and enjoyed enormous powers. He was assisted by ministers. His position was hereditary. The royal symbol was the tiger- a.The empire was divided into provinces called mandalams. These were usually headed by a member of the royal family. b. Each mandalam was divided into a number of valanadus which were further subdivided into nadus. The nadus were divided into urs or villages. The village was the smallest unit of administration. c.The most outstanding feature of the Chola administration was the village autonomy. The nadu was an important unit of administration.It had representative assemblies. The ur was a common assemblywhile the sabha consisted of learned men. d. Their functions included maintenance of lawand order, public services, revenue collection, temples and education. They also helpedpeople in times of need. 3. The Second Battle of Tarain is regarded as a turning point in the history of India as it resulted in Muslim conquest of India. Muhammad Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aybak as his viceroy of his territories in India. Qutb-ud-din established the Delhi Sultanate and became the first Muslim Sultan of Delhi after the death of Muhammad of Ghor
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