newspaper article on directory in French revolution
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The Directory (also called Directorate, French: le Directoire) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution. Mainstream historiography[1] also uses the term in reference to the period from the dissolution of the National Convention on 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire) to Napoleon's coup d’état.
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overthrow of Mohamed Morsi last July spawned unending debate in Egypt about how the president's removal should be defined. Not that this was unusual: since Egypt's 2011 uprising, the country's many factions have competed to impose their narratives on highly contested events. As a result, words used to describe the events of the revolution can have wildly different meanings, depending on the speaker.
Fascinated by this lexical battleground, Amira Hanafi, an Egyptian-American artist, is travelling across Egypt to create a dictionary of its ill-fated revolution. She is interviewing hundreds of ordinary people about what 160 buzzwords related to the revolution – terms such as "freedom", "coup", and even "revolution" – mean to them. The replies will be turned into a book.
Responses to some words highlight Egypt's huge divisions. Expressions such as "30 June", the date anti-Morsi protests began, draw positive and negative reactions, depending on the interviewee's politics. Other words elicit less divided reactions: Hanafi says respondents from all backgrounds have defined the concept of "future" as unpleasant and uncertain. "Pretty much everyone said it's black, it's dark," she adds.
Still more words are revolutionary neologisms such as feloul, which means remnants. It came into common parlance in 2011 to describe the leftovers of the Hosni Mubarak regime – but some of Hanafi's interviewees now think it should apply to Morsi's allies, too.
The emerging and still-unfinished work is a snapshot of a country undergoing immense flux, says Hanafi. "The central question of the project is about what has changed [since 2011] – and we're assessing that through language."