Nitro aromatics have high chemical energy potentials for microorganism. true or false ?
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Answer:
1-3.4.1 Nitration of chitin
Nitration of chitin (comparable to cellulose nitration procedures; see Section 1-3.3) is not leading to complete nitration of hydroxyl groups in the chitin, and exchangeable hydrogen is still present (Schorigin & Hait, 1934; Schimmelmann & DeNiro, 1986)Schorigin & Hait, 1934Schimmelmann & DeNiro, 1986. Additionally, if groups of N-acetyl (–NHCOCH3) and aminonitrate (–NH2HNO3), which stay unaffected by nitration, are present in the nitrated chitin, hydrogen can still be exchanged in these groups (Schimmelmann & DeNiro, 1986; Schimmelmann & Miller, 2002). Nevertheless, nitration is able to reduce the isotopic noise from exchangeable hydrogen in chitin and was successfully used for extracting D/H paleoclimatic information from fossil beetle chitin (Miller et al., 1988).
Industrial Organic Chemistry
Dr.James G. Speight, in Environmental Organic Chemistry for Engineers, 2017
3.6.13 Nitration The nitration process is a general class of chemical process for the introduction of a nitro group (single bondNO2) into an organic chemical compound. The term is also applied (somewhat incorrectly) to the different process of forming nitrate esters between alcohol derivatives and nitric acid, as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin. The difference between the resulting structure of nitro compounds and nitrates is that the nitrogen atom in nitro compounds is directly bonded to a nonoxygen atom, typically carbon or another nitrogen atom, whereas in nitrate esters, also called organic nitrates, the nitrogen is bonded to an oxygen atom that in turn usually is bonded to a carbon atom. There are many major industrial applications of nitration in the strict sense; the most important by volume are for the production of nitroaromatic compounds such as nitrobenzene. Nitration reactions are notably used for the production of explosives, for example the conversion of toluene to TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene).
Thus, nitration involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom (in an organic compound) with one or more nitro groups (single bondNO2). By-products may be unavoidable due to the high reaction temperatures and the highly oxidizing environment, although many nitration reactions are carried out at low temperature for safety reasons. The nitration reaction can be carried out with aliphatic compounds (to produce nitroparaffin derivatives) but the nitration of aromatics is more commercially important (to produce explosives and propellants such as nitrobenzene and nitrotoluene derivatives). This is effected with nitric acid (HNO3) or, in the case of aromatic nitration reactions, a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. Nitration is used in the first step of TDI production. Environmental issues of nitration processes (excluding the more obvious potential explosive properties) relate to the occurrence of acid vapors (largely nitric or sulfuric acid) from the reaction and quenching as well as any unreacted nitrating agent arising from the use of an excess of the agent to carry the nitration reaction to completion. There is also the potential for the emission of VOCs as well as other gas streams that contain the various oxides of nitrogen. In terms of water pollutants, the nitration of aromatic feedstocks may produce large quantities of waste mixed acid that requires neutralization and disposal, or recovery (e.g., by distillation) and reuse. The products and by-products of the nitration process often are slow to biodegrade (if they are at all biodegradable) and toxic, so additional treatment of the waste products (such as extraction or incineration of aqueous wastes) may be required.
Material Performance and Corrosion/Waste Materials
B.J. Mincher, in Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, 2012
5.15.3.3 Radiolysis Versus Hydrolysis
The nitration reactions in irradiated and unirradiated nitric acid produce similar products. It is also often reported that the products of radiolysis and hydrolysis are the same, although sometimes with differing yields. For example, Brodda and Heinen88 reported hydrolytically produced HDBP in 30% TBP/n-paraffin solutions that had been preequilibrated with nitric acid at 23 °C. They found a linear relationship between the amount of HDBP produced and the acid concentration in the organic phase, although hydrolysis did not continue after the phases were separated. The product H2MBP was not detected, since it would have partitioned to the aqueous phase and that phase was not analyzed. Hydrolysis presumably occurs according to the following reaction, in the presence of acidity: