Nitrogen uptake by the macro-algae cladophora coelothrix and cladophora parriaudii: influence on growth, nitrogen preference and biochemical composition. Algal res 30: 1-10.
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elemental and chemical composition of the end products. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is one of the most suitable processes to convert high-moisture algae to biocrude without drying. The high protein fraction in algae species causes high N (5-8 wt%) and S (0.5-1.5 wt%) in the biocrude. In this review, only two approaches for algae biocrude upgrading for N and S removal were identified from the literature, two-stage HTL and catalytic HTL (e.g. K 2 CO 3 and activated carbon promoted denitrogenation and desulphurization). Most published research presumed that high N content in biocrude will result in high NO x when biocrude is used in a diesel engine. However, NO x emissions are heavily dependent on engine operating conditions as well as on fuel properties and to our knowledge, no study investigated emissions of N-S containing biofuel and the consequent effect on emissions has been done, requiring further study. This review will consider cultivation and harvesting techniques, the conversion routes (especially HTL), the quality of the biofuels and the engine performance and emissions focusing on the role N and S each play.
elemental and chemical composition of the end products. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is one of the most suitable processes to convert high-moisture algae to biocrude without drying. The high protein fraction in algae species causes high N (5-8 wt%) and S (0.5-1.5 wt%) in the biocrude. In this review, only two approaches for algae biocrude upgrading for N and S removal were identified from the literature, two-stage HTL and catalytic HTL (e.g. K 2 CO 3 and activated carbon promoted denitrogenation and desulphurization). Most published research presumed that high N content in biocrude will result in high NO x when biocrude is used in a diesel engine. However, NO x emissions are heavily dependent on engine operating conditions as well as on fuel properties and to our knowledge, no study investigated emissions of N-S containing biofuel and the consequent effect on emissions has been done, requiring further study. This review will consider cultivation and harvesting techniques, the conversion routes (especially HTL), the quality of the biofuels and the engine performance and emissions focusing on the role N and S each play.
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