Note: Anempi all questions. Each question carries equal marks क्रांतिक नियतांक क्या है? वान्डरवाल समीकरण को सहायता से ", Pऔर , के मान की गणना कोजिए एवं सिद्ध कोजिए। 8 PP 3T What are critical constants? Calculate values of VP, and Twith the help of Vander Waal's equation and R=- prove that 8PM R= 3T 2. द्रव क्रिस्टल क्या है? ये कितने प्रकार के होते हैं अनुप्रयोग सहित समझाइए। What are liquid cnsials? Explain types of liquid crystals with applications. 3. अभिक्रिया की कोटि क्या है? अभिक्रिया की कोटि के निर्धारण की किन्हीं दो विधियों का वर्णन कीजिए। What is order or reaction? Describe any two methods of its determination. 1. रेडियो सक्रियता किसे कहते हैं? इसके मापन और पहचान की गाइगर-युलर गणित्र अथवा विल्सन की मेघ प्रकोष्ठ विधि फा वर्णन कीजिए। What is nicant by Radioactivity? Describe the Geiger-\ſuller counter or Wilson cloud chamber methodol is measurement and identification. 5. ली-शतालिये का सिद्धान्त क्या है ? अमोनिया निर्माण को हैबर विधि से इसका अनुप्रयोग समझाइए। What Ix Le-Chatelier's principle? Explain applications of this theory in the manufacturing of ammonia by licher's process.
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Answers
Le Châtelier's principle, chemical principle that states that if a system in equilibrium is disturbed by changes in determining factors, such as temperature, pressure, and concentration of components, the system will tend to shift its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the disturbance (see chemical equilibrium). For example, at a given temperature a covered beaker partly filled with water constitutes a system in which the liquid water is in equilibrium with the water vapor that forms above the surface of the liquid. While some molecules of liquid are absorbing heat and evaporating to become vapor, an equal number of vapor molecules are giving up heat and condensing to become liquid. If stress is put on the system by raising the temperature, then according to Le Châtelier's principle the rate of evaporation will exceed the rate of condensation until a new equilibrium is established. At the new equilibrium point a greater proportion of molecules will exist in the vapor phase. Le Châtelier's principle is evident in chemical systems, as in the common-ion effect and in buffer solutions (see also separate article on pH). Le Châtelier's principle can be used to encourage formation of a desired product in chemical reactions. In the Haber process for the industrial synthesis of ammonia, nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas react to form ammonia gas in the reaction N2+3H2→2NH3 ; the process is exothermic, i.e., one that gives off heat. Since four molecules—three of hydrogen and one of nitrogen—react to form two molecules of ammonia, the reactants have a higher gas pressure than the products. When the reaction is run under high external pressure, up to 1000 atmospheres, and relatively low temperature, about 500°C (932°C), the system favors formation of the substance that will result in a lower total number of molecules, i.e., the ammonia. Running the reaction at relatively low temperature causes it to go far to completion, although if the temperature is too much below 500°C the rate of reaction is too slow.
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