Note: Answer any two of the following questions in about 500
words each
1
Discuss the background of emergence of sociology in
Europe
[201
2.
What do you understand by social stratification ?
Discuss its various forms.
[201
3.
Critically examine the Indian experience of development
since independence.
[20]
Answers
Discuss the background of emergence of sociology in Europe
- The emergence of Sociology , as a study of society , can best be understood in terms of understanding the relationship between , ‘society and ideas .’It emerged first in Europe, as a response to the “social conditions and the intellectual climate” prevailing in Europe around eighteenth century.
- The ‘Enlightenment period’, in the European society, is the most appropriate point of departure, into the study of the origins of ‘Sociological Theory.’ A ‘scientific approach’ to the study of society dates back to that period. The eighteenth century thinkers began to study the human conditions in a scientific way using the ‘methods of the natural sciences.’ Also, these thinkers upheld ‘reason’ as a measure to judge ‘social institutions’ and their suitability for human nature.
- In the ‘post -Enlightenment ‘ period , there were three , intellectual influences , that led to the emergence of Sociology.
What do you understand by social stratification ?
Discuss its various forms.
Social stratification is a process in which social inequalities exist in the form of structural hierarchical strata, placed one above the other. According to Sutherland and Maxwell social stratification is defined as a process of differentiation that places some people higher than the others. Stratification is viewed as a social process as well as a method devised by sociologists to understand inequality in the society. It has four sub processes.
Types Of Social Stratification
Sociologists generally distinguish four main types of social stratification - slavery, estate, caste and social class and status. In industrial societies there are both status groups and social classes. Ogburn and Nimkoff define social stratification as the process by which individuals and groups are ranked in a more or less enduring hierarchy of status. Stratification divides a society into higher and lowers social units. Sorokin asserts that there can be no society without stratification. It is a kind of social differentiation. Social differences become social stratification when the concerned people are ranked hierarchically on the bias of the inequality like differences on some dimensions such as income, power, age, occupation and race etc. A stratified society is marked by inequality by differences among people that are evaluated by them as being higher or lower or equal. In every society some men are regarded as superior or inferior as for example patricians and plebians or aristocrats and commoners. Some are rich and power. In every society there are ruling class and ruled class or subjects. These constitute the substance of social stratification. Stratification involves unequal distribution of rights and privileges among the members of a society. This is described by Gisbert as division of society into permanent groups on categories linked with each other by the relationship of superiority and subordination. Society attaches different rights and rewards to different positions. Some are rated higher than the others in terms of rights and privileges. According to Spengler stratification results from scarcity of privileges and powers that is created by differentiation of powers, rights and rewards. Kingsley Davis emphasizes the functional necessity of stratification. Differentiation of rewards produces social inequality. According to Davis social inequality ensures that the most important positions are filled by the best fitted persons. Hence social inequality is necessary in any society.
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