notes for history the age of industrialisation
Answers
Acquisition of colonies and expansion of trade in the 16th and 17th centuries led to greater demands for goods.
Trade guilds, associations of producers, trained craftsmen and artisans. They restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
A close relationship between town and countryside developed between farmers and merchants.
Factories emerged in England in the 1730s. Changes brought about in the production process because of inventions in the 18th centuries, e.g. cotton mill by Richard Arkwright.
Cotton and metal industry (iron and steel) grew rapidly from 2.5 million pounds import of raw cotton in 1760 to 22 million pounds in 1787. By 1873 iron and steel exports rose to 77 million pounds.
Small and ordinary inventions contributed in many mechanised sectors like food processing, building, pottery, glasswork, tanning.
Technological changes were slow and expensive till the late 19th century. Traditional craftsmen played an important role at this stage.
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Answer:
Key Concepts:
An association of craftsmen or merchants following same craft to protect the members interest and supervise the standard of the work.
Tanning. Convert raw hide into leather by soaking in liquid containing tannic acid.
Food processing. Technique of chopping and mixing food for making jam, juices, etc.
Victorian Britain. Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria.
Brewery. A place where beer etc. is brewed commercially. Brewing is a process of infusion, boiling and fermentation.
Vagrant. A person without a settled home or regular work.
Bourgeois. The upper middle class.
Gomastha. An Indian word meaning an agent, a middle man between the merchant and weavers.
Stapler. A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fiber.
Industrialisation:
Production of goods with the help of machines in factories. The first industrialized Nation-Britain.
Features:
Handmade goods to machine made goods in factories, cottage to factory, large scale production, started in England in later parts of 18th Century. In course of time, it affected all systems of production.
Before Industrial Revolution
Proto-Industrialisation:
Production in 17th century, artisans worked for merchants to produce goods, artisans took raw material from merchants for production. Their cottages functioned as a factory.
Association of producers, trained craft people maintained control over production, restricted entry of new traders. This period saw the coming of factories.
Coming up of factories:
Early factories in England came up by the 1730s.
First symbol of new era-cotton mill
Many factories sprang up in England
A series of inventions took place in the form of carding, twisting, spinning and rolling.
The pace of Industrial change:
Cotton and iron and steel industries were the most dynamic industries.
New industries could not displace traditional ones.
Technological changes occurred slowly.
Steam engine invented by James Watt had no buyers for years.
New technologies were slow to be accepted.
Hand labor and stream power:
In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labor.
In many industries the demand for labor was seasonal.
Range of products could be produced only with hand labor.
There was a demand for intricate designs.
Upper classes preferred things produced by hand.
Life of the worker:
Abundance of labor affected the life of workers badly.
Labour was seasonal.
Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to new technology.
Women labors protested against the introduction of the Spinning Jenny.
Introduction of railways opened greater opportunities.
Industrialisation in the colonies:
Textile industry was the center of industrialization in India.
Age of Indian textiles
Finer varieties of cotton from India were exported.
A vibrant sea trade operated through pre-colonial ports.
What happened to weavers?
East India Company appointed “gomasthas” to collect supply from weavers.
Weavers lost bargaining power and lost lands for settling loans.