notes of biology class 9 chapter 15
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1. Food Resources: Cereals (Wheat, rice, maize, millets and sorghum) provide us carbohydrates; Pulses (Grams, pea and lentil) provide us proteins; Oil seeds (Soya bean, ground nut, sesame, and castor) provide us fats; Vegetables, spices and fruits provide us a range of minerals, nucleic acids and vitamins.
In addition to these food crops, fodder crops like berseem, oats or sudan grass are raised as food for the livestock are called as fodder crops.
2. The Kharif crops: The crops grown in rainy season are called as Kharif crops (Paddy, Soya bean, pigeon pea and maize). They are grown from June to October.
3. The Rabi crops: The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi crops (Wheat, gram, peas, and mustard). They are grown November to April.
Compare Kharif crops and Rabi crops:
CropSeasonExample1.Kharif cropsJune to October ( Rainy Season)Paddy, Soya bean, and maize2.Rabi cropsNov. to April ( winter season)Wheat, gram, peas, and mustard
4. The Green Revolution: Food supplies are generally as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, nucleic acids and vitamins in all living organisms. Indian population is growing enormously. Green Revolution is the need of the hour to increase food-grain production.
5. Sustainable Practices: For sustained livelihood, one should undertake mixed farming, inter cropping, and integrated farming practices, for example, combining agriculture with livestock/ poultry/ fisheries/bee-keeping. The major group of activities for improving crop yield can be classified as: Crop varietal improvement, Crop production improvement, Crop protection improvement
6. The Crop varietal improvement:
a) Hybridization: It refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants;It is all to get higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change in maturity duration, wider adaptability and desirable agronomic characteristics.
Inter varietal Hybridizationbetween different varieties2Inter specific Hybridizationbetween different species3Inter generic Hybridizationbetween different genera4Genetically Modified Crops (GMC).Another way of improving the crop is by introducing a gene that would provide desired characteristic.
7. The Crop production improvement: They include” no cost production”,” low cost production” or “high cost production” practices.
Nutrients (Sixteen elements are required for growth are called as essential elements Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen+ Macro nutrients & Micronutrients. They increase the yield)SNo.Macro nutrientMicro nutrient1.Six elements are required in larger quantityOther seven elements are required in small quantity2.Ex.Nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, Potassium, magnesium, sulphurEx. Iron, manganese, boron, zink, copper, molybdinum, chlorineManure & Fertilizers:SNo.ManureFertilizers1Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste is called as Humus. It decides the texture of the soil.
Compost: Farm waste, cow dung etc.
Vermi compost: Compost prepared by using earthworms.Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. Excess fertilizers destroy the soil fertility.
Organic farming: No use of chemicals fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc.
Culturing blue green algae, neem leaves, healthy cropping systems.2It is cheap and prepared in rural homes and fieldsIt is costly and is prepared in factories3It is voluminous and bulkyIt is compact and concentrated4It is inconvenient to store, transport, handle.It is easy to store, transport, handle.5It is not nutrient specific.It is nutrient specific and can provide specifically nitrogen, phosphorus etc.6Add great humus to the soilDoes not add humus to the soil.
3. Irrigation: India has variety of water resources: Wells, canals, river lift system, tanks, rainwater harvesting, water shedding management to increase in ground water levels and to check the water flowing away to the sea. Planning to reduce soil erosion.
8. Animal Husbandry: It is a scientific management of animal livestock, includes feeding, breeding and diseases control. Animal-based farming includes cattle farming, Poultry farming, fish farming, and bee Keeping.
In addition to these food crops, fodder crops like berseem, oats or sudan grass are raised as food for the livestock are called as fodder crops.
2. The Kharif crops: The crops grown in rainy season are called as Kharif crops (Paddy, Soya bean, pigeon pea and maize). They are grown from June to October.
3. The Rabi crops: The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi crops (Wheat, gram, peas, and mustard). They are grown November to April.
Compare Kharif crops and Rabi crops:
CropSeasonExample1.Kharif cropsJune to October ( Rainy Season)Paddy, Soya bean, and maize2.Rabi cropsNov. to April ( winter season)Wheat, gram, peas, and mustard
4. The Green Revolution: Food supplies are generally as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, nucleic acids and vitamins in all living organisms. Indian population is growing enormously. Green Revolution is the need of the hour to increase food-grain production.
5. Sustainable Practices: For sustained livelihood, one should undertake mixed farming, inter cropping, and integrated farming practices, for example, combining agriculture with livestock/ poultry/ fisheries/bee-keeping. The major group of activities for improving crop yield can be classified as: Crop varietal improvement, Crop production improvement, Crop protection improvement
6. The Crop varietal improvement:
a) Hybridization: It refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants;It is all to get higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change in maturity duration, wider adaptability and desirable agronomic characteristics.
Inter varietal Hybridizationbetween different varieties2Inter specific Hybridizationbetween different species3Inter generic Hybridizationbetween different genera4Genetically Modified Crops (GMC).Another way of improving the crop is by introducing a gene that would provide desired characteristic.
7. The Crop production improvement: They include” no cost production”,” low cost production” or “high cost production” practices.
Nutrients (Sixteen elements are required for growth are called as essential elements Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen+ Macro nutrients & Micronutrients. They increase the yield)SNo.Macro nutrientMicro nutrient1.Six elements are required in larger quantityOther seven elements are required in small quantity2.Ex.Nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, Potassium, magnesium, sulphurEx. Iron, manganese, boron, zink, copper, molybdinum, chlorineManure & Fertilizers:SNo.ManureFertilizers1Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste is called as Humus. It decides the texture of the soil.
Compost: Farm waste, cow dung etc.
Vermi compost: Compost prepared by using earthworms.Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. Excess fertilizers destroy the soil fertility.
Organic farming: No use of chemicals fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc.
Culturing blue green algae, neem leaves, healthy cropping systems.2It is cheap and prepared in rural homes and fieldsIt is costly and is prepared in factories3It is voluminous and bulkyIt is compact and concentrated4It is inconvenient to store, transport, handle.It is easy to store, transport, handle.5It is not nutrient specific.It is nutrient specific and can provide specifically nitrogen, phosphorus etc.6Add great humus to the soilDoes not add humus to the soil.
3. Irrigation: India has variety of water resources: Wells, canals, river lift system, tanks, rainwater harvesting, water shedding management to increase in ground water levels and to check the water flowing away to the sea. Planning to reduce soil erosion.
8. Animal Husbandry: It is a scientific management of animal livestock, includes feeding, breeding and diseases control. Animal-based farming includes cattle farming, Poultry farming, fish farming, and bee Keeping.
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