notes of ch 1 in history of class 9
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French Society Before the Revolution
1774, King Louis XVI ascended the throne of France at the age of 20. He was married to Marie Antoinette and led an extravagant life.
He decided to support the American War of Independence and hence increased France’s debt to over 3 billion Livres.
The 18th century French society was divided into three estates. The first estate consisted of the clergy.The second estate comprised the nobility while the third estate, which formed about 97% of the population, consisted of the merchants, officials, peasants, artisans and servants.
The clergy and nobility did not have to pay any taxes. It was only the third estate that paid taxes. A part of third class called the middle class was part of the third estate. This group consisted of educated people such as teachers, lawyers, artisans and merchants. They started to question the privileges being enjoyed by the nobility.
In the midst these thoughts, the increase in the price of bread added to the existing taxes, resulting in riots. King Louis decided to convene the Estates General and put forth his proposal.
Outbreak of the RevolutionThe financial condition in France was in a pitiable state. Louis had almost bankrupted France with a 3 million livre debt. In order to increase the taxes to offset this permission was needed from all three estates.
The Estates General was convened on 5th May 1789 at Versailles comprising representatives from all three estates.
The members of the third estate gathered on 20th June, 1789 in Versailles and declared themselves as the National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution that would limit the powers of the King.
Their key leaders were Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes. On August 4th 1789 Louis recognized the National Assembly and agreed to abide by their framework. The National Assembly abolished the feudal system of taxes, tithes and the special privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobles by birth.
France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
So the recognition of the National Assembly by King Louis and him agreeing to their demands was a victory for the entire Third Estate. In 1791, the National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution. As per the new constitution, France became a constitutional monarchy with the King, or the Executive, having to share power with the legislature and the Judiciary. Only men who were older than 25 years and who paid taxes were allowed to vote. The constitution commenced with the Declaration of the Rights of Man. It stated that the right to life, to freedom of speech, to freedom of opinion and to equality before the law were intrinsic to all human beings. Visual symbols were used to share the message to the uneducated and illiterate people:• The broken chains stood for freedom• The blue white and red symbolized the national colours of France• The Red Phrygian cap was a sign of freedom and was worn by slaves when they became free• The all seeing eye stood for knowledge• The self devouring snake indicated eternity• The bundle of rods of fasces indicated strength in unity• The winged woman stood for the law• The sceptre was a symbol of royal power• The tablet also known as the law tablet signified equality All women and children, and men who did not fall into the category of active citizens, were termed passive citizens, and were denied the right to vote. The preamble to the constitution of 1791 consisted of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. These rights included the rights to life, the freedom of speech, the freedom of opinion and equality before the law.
France Becomes a RepublicThe National Assembly succeeded in making France into a constitutional monarchy. King Louis XVI deprived of all his powers conspired to dissolve the National Assembly with the King of Prussia, Frederick William II.
1774, King Louis XVI ascended the throne of France at the age of 20. He was married to Marie Antoinette and led an extravagant life.
He decided to support the American War of Independence and hence increased France’s debt to over 3 billion Livres.
The 18th century French society was divided into three estates. The first estate consisted of the clergy.The second estate comprised the nobility while the third estate, which formed about 97% of the population, consisted of the merchants, officials, peasants, artisans and servants.
The clergy and nobility did not have to pay any taxes. It was only the third estate that paid taxes. A part of third class called the middle class was part of the third estate. This group consisted of educated people such as teachers, lawyers, artisans and merchants. They started to question the privileges being enjoyed by the nobility.
In the midst these thoughts, the increase in the price of bread added to the existing taxes, resulting in riots. King Louis decided to convene the Estates General and put forth his proposal.
Outbreak of the RevolutionThe financial condition in France was in a pitiable state. Louis had almost bankrupted France with a 3 million livre debt. In order to increase the taxes to offset this permission was needed from all three estates.
The Estates General was convened on 5th May 1789 at Versailles comprising representatives from all three estates.
The members of the third estate gathered on 20th June, 1789 in Versailles and declared themselves as the National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution that would limit the powers of the King.
Their key leaders were Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes. On August 4th 1789 Louis recognized the National Assembly and agreed to abide by their framework. The National Assembly abolished the feudal system of taxes, tithes and the special privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobles by birth.
France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
So the recognition of the National Assembly by King Louis and him agreeing to their demands was a victory for the entire Third Estate. In 1791, the National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution. As per the new constitution, France became a constitutional monarchy with the King, or the Executive, having to share power with the legislature and the Judiciary. Only men who were older than 25 years and who paid taxes were allowed to vote. The constitution commenced with the Declaration of the Rights of Man. It stated that the right to life, to freedom of speech, to freedom of opinion and to equality before the law were intrinsic to all human beings. Visual symbols were used to share the message to the uneducated and illiterate people:• The broken chains stood for freedom• The blue white and red symbolized the national colours of France• The Red Phrygian cap was a sign of freedom and was worn by slaves when they became free• The all seeing eye stood for knowledge• The self devouring snake indicated eternity• The bundle of rods of fasces indicated strength in unity• The winged woman stood for the law• The sceptre was a symbol of royal power• The tablet also known as the law tablet signified equality All women and children, and men who did not fall into the category of active citizens, were termed passive citizens, and were denied the right to vote. The preamble to the constitution of 1791 consisted of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. These rights included the rights to life, the freedom of speech, the freedom of opinion and equality before the law.
France Becomes a RepublicThe National Assembly succeeded in making France into a constitutional monarchy. King Louis XVI deprived of all his powers conspired to dissolve the National Assembly with the King of Prussia, Frederick William II.
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