notes of chapter Nationalism in India
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The First World War, Khilafat And Non-Cooperation
Effects of First World War: The War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue. Prices of items increased during the war years. The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common people were the worst sufferers because of price rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was another cause of widespread anger among people.
Crop failure in many parts of India resulted in acute shortage of food. Influenza epidemic further aggravated the problem. According to 1921 census, about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines and epidemic.
The Idea of Satyagraha
Mahatma Gandhi advocated a novel method of mass agitation; called satyagraha. This method was based on the idea that if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no need to take recourse to physical force to fight the oppressor. Gandhiji believed that a satyagrahi could win a battle through non-violence, i.e. without being aggressive or revengeful.
Some early satyagraha movements organized by Gandhi:
Peasants’ movement in Champaran in 1916.
Peasants’ movement in Kheda in 1917.
Mill workers’ movement in Ahmadabad in 1918.
The Rowlatt Act(1919):
The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. The Indian members did not support the Act, but it was passed; nevertheless. The Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
On 6th April, 1919; Gandhiji launched a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. The call of strike on 6th April got huge response. People came out in support in various cities, shops were shut down and workers in railway workshops went on strike. The British administration decided to clamp down on the nationalists. Several local leaders were arrested. Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
Jallianwalla Bagh
On 10th April 1919; in Amritsar; the police fired upon a peaceful procession. This provoked widespread attacks on government establishments. Martial law was imposed in Amritsar and the command of the area was given to General Dyer.
The infamous Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place on 13th April; the day on which Baisakhi is celebrated in Punjab. A crowd of villagers came to participate in a fair in Jallianwalla Bagh. This was enclosed from all sides with narrow entry points. General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed in the incident. Public reaction to the incident took a violent turn in many north Indian towns. The government was quite brutal in its response. Things took highly violent turn. Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement as did not want violence to continue.
Need of Wider Spread of Movement: The Rowlatt satyagraha was limited mainly to the cities and towns. Mahatma Gandhi felt the need of a more broad-based movement in India. He was convinced that it could be only possible by bringing the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform.
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat issue gave him the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform. The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World War. There were rumours about a harsh peace treating likely to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor; who was the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). A Khilafat committed was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the cause to build a united mass action. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the resolution was passed to launch a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and also for swaraj.
Non-Cooperation Movement
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. Gandhiji believed that if Indians begin to refuse to cooperate, the British rulers will have no other way than to leave India.
Some of the proposals of non-cooperation movement:
Surrender the titles which were awarded by the British government.
Boycott civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils and schools.
Boycott foreign goods.
Launch full civil disobedience campaign, if the government persisted with repressive measures.
Differing Strands within the Movement: The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its own specific aspiration. All of them responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people.
Answer:First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
National Movement was spreading in New areas in 1919 and incorporating new social groups and developing new modes of struggle.
Mahatma Gandhi came to India and The Idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
He advocated that physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
In 1916, He travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
The Idea of Satyagraha
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January, 1915. His heroic fight for the Indians in South Africa was well-known. His novel method of mass agitation known as Satyagraha had yielded good results.
The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
In 1916, Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
In 1917,crops field in Kheda district of Gujrat, but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection.
In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad. He advised to workers to go on strike and to demand a 35% increase in wages.
Satyagraha brought Gandhiji into close touch with the workers in the urban areas.
The Rowlatt act
When the Rawlatt act 1919, was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council inspire of unanimous opposition of the Indian members, Gandhiji’s patience comes to an end.
Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6th April.
6th April 1919 was observed as Satyagraha Day when people all over the country observed fast and hartal.
1919, the country witnessed a remarkable political awakening in India.
Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
A large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jalliawalla Bagh.
People came to protest against government’s repressive measure while some came to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
General Dyer entered the area. Blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
The government responded with brutal repression seeking to humiliate and terrorise people.
Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do Salaam (salute) to all Sahibs.
Khilafat movement
Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns.
Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad based movement in India.
But he was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together.
The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor, who was the spiritual head (Khalifa) of the Islamic world.
The Muslims of India decided to force Britain to change her Turkish policy.
A Khalifa Committee was formed under the leadership of Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani.
A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
Differing strands within the movement:
Rebellion in the countryside: – From the cities, the noncooperation movement spread to the countryside. After the war, the struggles of peasants and tribal were developing in different parts of India.
One movement here war against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasant exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.
Peasants had to do begar. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, an abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
Oudh Kisan Sabha was setup headed by. Jawaharlal Nehru and other, within a month, over 300 branches had been set up by the villagers.
Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in yet another way.
The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits
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