notes of chapter the cold war era
Answers
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SUMMARY
KEY POINTS (NOTES)
Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union and received diplomatic and financial aid from it.In April1961,leaders of the USSR were worried that the USA would invade communist-ruled Cuba and overthrow its President Fidel Castro.
In 1962,the leader of the Soviet Union,Nikita Khrushchev,placed nuclear missiles in Cuba for converting it into a Russian base.
Three weeks later,Americans became aware of it.The US President John F.Kennedy and his advisers tried to find a solution to avoid full-scale nuclear war.But they were determined to get Khrushchev to remove the missiles and nuclear weapons from Cuba.
Kennedy ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a way of warning the USSR.This clash between the USA and the USSR came to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a high point which came to be known as the Cold War.It refers to the competition,the tensions and a series of confrontations between the USA and Soviet Union.
Cold War
The Cold War was the war of ideologies.The US followed the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the USSR backed the ideology of socialism and communism.
The end of the Second World War (1939-45) marked the beginning of the Cold War.As a result of which two new powers rose on the global stage i.e. USA and the Soviet Union.
The Cold War was not an intense war but was based on ‘logic of deterrence’.
The Emergence of Two Power Blocs
Most countries of Western Europe sided with the US and was known as ‘Western alliance’.It formed an organization known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in April,1949 with twelve states.
The countries of the Eastern Europe joined the Soviet Union and was known as ‘Eastern Alliance’.
In East and South East Asia and in West Asia(Middle East),the US built an alliance system called the South-East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
Arenas of the Cold War
The arenas of the Cold War refer to areas where crisis and war occurred or threatened to occur between the alliance systems but did not cross certain limits.
The two superpowers (US and Soviet Union) were poised for direct encounter in Korea (1950-53),Berlin (1958-62),the Congo (the early 1960s) and in several other places.
The two sides signed three significant agreements within a decade.These were:
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABMT)
Challenge to Bipolarity
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded by three leaders-India’s PM Shree Jawaharlal Nehru,Yugoslavia’sJosip Broz Tito and Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdel Naseer.The first NAM summit was held in 1961 at Belgrade.
New International Economic Order
The challenge for the newly decolonized countries was to become more developed economically and to lift their people out of poverty.The idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this objective.
The nature of Non-Alignment changed to give greater importance to economic issues.As a result,NAM became an economic pressure group.
India and the Cold War
India followed a two way policy regarding the Cold War.It did not join any of the alliances but raised voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming part of these alliances.
The Non-Alignment gave India the power to take international decisions and to balance one superpower against the other.
VIDEO
TASK
1.Read the chapter ‘The Cold War Era’ from the book CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS.
2.Write down the notes given in the online tutorial in your political science notebook.
3.Write down the answers to the NCERT questions given at the back of the chapter in your Political Sciencenotebook.
REFERENCE
Download PDF Class 12 Pol Science Part II Ch 1.pdf
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