Question

notes of control and coordination lesson 2 biology class 10




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Answer 1

$\huge{\sf{ConTrol \ and \ CoorDination}}$

Some Terms

Stimulus :

Any physical, chemical or mechanical change in the internal or external environment which triggers a response in the organism

Response :

A reaction to the stimulus

Coordination :

All the organs and tissues in the human body are interrelated for performing a certain function. For instance,the constituents of digestive system helps in digestion of the fooD

Neuron

Neuron has three main parts : cyton,axons and dendrites

Dendrites :

• Short, cylindrical processes which percieve the impulse from the adjacent neuron

Cyton :

• Or tne cell body of the neuron,it is characterized by the presence of nissil's granules,dense cytoplasm and a conspicuous nucleus

Axon :

• A long cylindrical process which take the impulse away from the cyton. Axons maybe myelinated or non - myelinated. Myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than the later ones.

Axon Terminals :

• Endings of axons which contain neurotransmitters

Junction between two neurons

A neuromuscular junction called synapse occurs between two occurs which transmits impulses from one neuron to another neuron

Reflex Arc and Reflex Action

• Reflex action refers to the activities of a body under peril or spontaneous actions which have survival importance

• They are regulated by the spinal cord

Example,

When knee cap is hammered,our lower hind limb tends to move up

Reflex Arc

• Path taken by the reflex Arc

$\sf{Receptor \ Organ \longrightarrow Sensory \ Neuron \longrightarrow Spinal \ Cord \longrightarrow Motor \ Neuron \longrightarrow Effector \ Organ }$

Human Brain

• Human Brain is a part of upper central nervous system

• It is the main sensory organ in the human body

• It is around 1200 - 1400 cm³ in capacity in humans

• It is further divided into : forebrain,mid brain and hind brain

ForE Brain

• It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres known as Cerebral Cortex

• The cerebral cortex are held together by a stack of nerves known as Corpus Callosum

• The ForeBrain consists of Diencephalon,Hypothalamus and Cerebrum

• Cerebrum is the largest part of brain and deals with sensory and auditory reflexes

MiD Brain

• It consists of corpora quadrigemia and cerebral peduncles

• The Cerebral Peduncles connect the Fore Brain to Hind Brain

HinD Brain

• It the posterior part of the brain which is made up of cerebellum and medulla

• Cerebellum maintains the posture of body and balance while standing

• Medulla is the centre for several involuntary processes and sensations like nausea and hunger

• The medulla terminates till the level of 3 Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 2

First of all control and coordination can be achieved by 2 methods

1. nervous system
2. endocrine system

Nervous system

• function with

1. nervous tissue
2. muscular tissue

• Resepters- they are the specialised tips of some nerves which can detect the stimulas from the environment.
• Stimulas- it is any change in the environment which ab organism responses to
• the above attachment would help u out with passage of impulse in the body
• Synapse- It is the space between the ne endings of one neuron and the dendrites of the other neuron.
• The forebrain controls body temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and the display of emotions.
• Midbrain, also called mesencephalon, region of the developing vertebrate brain that is composed of the tectum and tegmentum. The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
• The hindbrain coordinates functions that are fundamental to survival, including respiratory rhythm, motor activity, sleep, and wakefulness

Endocrine system

• Growth hormone- it helps in the activation of other hormones. Deficiency of this can lead to dwarfism and excess secretion can lead to gigantism.
• thyroxin- it helps in the metabolism in the body, it also helps in maintaining the BMR of the body
• adrenalin- it is called as the emergency hormone.it deals with situations wherein the person is tensed or in stress.this hormone activates pupil dilation, sweating, goosebumps and etc
• insulin-it controls the blood sugar level
• testosteron-it helps in development of secondary sexual characters in males and also helps in spermatogenesis
• estrogen- it helps in the development of secondary sexual characters in females and helps in maintaining the menstruation cycle

Menstruation cycle

when the ovum doesn't fertilizer in females the lining of the uterus fall off in the form of broken tissues and blood. this is expelled out through the vagina. this is known as menstruation.

Methods for contraception

• reversible

1. Condoms
2. copper T
3. hormonal pills
4. spermicide
5. diaphragm

• irreversible

1. vasectomy
2. tubectomy