notes on solid state
Answers
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID STATE:
In nature the particular state of matter is governed by two opposing forces at given set of temperature and pressure. These forces are intermolecular force of attraction and thermal energy. If intermolecular force of attraction is high as compared to thermal energy, particles remains in closest position and hence very less movement in particles is observed. In this case solid state is the preferred state of matter.
Let us revise the general characteristics of solid:
i) Fixed mass, volume and shape
ii) Strong intermolecular force of attraction
iii) Least intermolecular space
iv) Fixed position of constituent particles
v) Incompressible and rigid
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS:
Solids are classified on the basis of arrangement of their constituent particles. If the arrangement of constituent particles is same throughout the solid (long range order) it is called crystalline. If the arrangement of particles does not follow any regular pattern throughout the solid (short range order) it is called amorphous solid.
Characteristics of crystalline solid:
It consists of large number of small crystals having a definite geometrical shape.
The arrangement of constituent particles is regular throughout the solid (long range order). That is a fixed pattern of constituent particles repeat itself periodically over the entire range of solid.
They have sharp melting points.
They are anisotropic in nature.
Anisotropy is defined as” Difference in properties when measured along different axes or different directions”.
Crystalline solid show different values of some of the physical properties like electrical resistance, refractive index etc.when measured along the different directions. The anisotropy arises due to the different arrangement of particles in different directions. Look the different arrangement of particles along the axis AB and CD in diagram given below.
Characteristics of amorphous solid:
The arrangement of constituent particles is irregular throughout the solid. Regular pattern of constituent particle is visible in small areas only. That is it shows short-range order.
Melting point is not sharp. Amorphous solid melts over a range of temperature.
They have tendency to flow at slower rate.
They are isotropic in nature.
“Isotropic means no difference in properties taken from any direction.”
Q.2 what type of interactions hold the molecules together in a polar molecular solid.[CBSE 2010]
A.2 The molecules in a solid are held together by van der Waals forces. The term van der Waals forces include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole attraction and London dispersion forces. All molecules experience London dispersion forces. In addition, polar molecules can also experience dipole-dipole interactions. So, the interactions that holds the molecule together in polar molecular solid are London dispersion force and dipole-dipole interactions.
Answer:
intermolecular force is high in solid
its molecules are tightly packed
its kinetic energy is low
it has low compressibility
it can not flow
it have high melting point
it has fixed shape and volume
Explanation:
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