Question

notice on Alauddin Khilji

Answer 1

Reign19 July 1296–4 January 1316Coronation21 October 1296PredecessorJalaluddin Firuz KhaljiSuccessorShihabuddin OmarGovernor of AwadhTenurec. 1296–19 July 1296Governor of KaraTenurec. 1291–1296PredecessorMalik ChajjuSuccessorʿAlāʾ ul-MulkAmir-i-Tuzuk (equivalent to Master of ceremonies)Tenurec. 1290–1291

BornAli Gurshasp
c.1266–1267Died4 January 1316
Delhi, IndiaBurialTomb of Alauddin Khalji, Delhi[1]Spouse

Malika-i-Jahan(daughter of Jalaluddin)Mahru (sister of Alp Khan)Kamaladevi (ex-wife ofKarna)Jhatyapali (daughter of Ramachandra)

Issue

Khizr KhanShadi KhanQutb ud din Mubarak ShahShihab-ud-din Omar

Regnal nameAlauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us SultanHouseKhaljiFatherShihabuddin Mas'udReligionSunni Islam

Born as Ali Gurshasp, Alauddin was a nephew and a son-in-law of his predecessorJalaluddin. When Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi after deposing the Mamluks, Alauddin was given the position of Amir-i-Tuzuk (equivalent to master of ceremonies). Alauddin obtained the governorship of Kara in 1291 after suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, and the governorship of Awadh in 1296 after a profitable raid on Bhilsa. In 1296, Alauddin raided Devagiri, and acquired loot to stage a successful revolt against Jalaluddin. After killing Jalaluddin, he consolidated his power in Delhi, and subjugated Jalaluddin's sons in Multan.

Over the next few years, Alauddin successfully fended off the Mongol invasions of India, at Jaran-Manjur (1297–1298),Sivistan (1298), Kili (1299), Delhi (1303), andAmroha (1305). In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols near theRavi riverbank, and in the subsequent years, his forces ransacked the Mongol territories in present-day Afghanistan. The military commanders that successfully led his army against the Mongols include Zafar Khan,Ulugh Khan, and his slave-general Malik Kafur.

Alauddin conquered the kingdoms of Gujarat(raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304),Ranthambore (1301), Chittor (1303), Malwa(1305), Siwana (1308), and Jalore (1311). These victories ended several Hindu dynasties, including the Paramaras, theVaghelas, the Chahamanas ofRanastambhapura and Jalore, the Rawal branch of the Guhilas, and possibly theYajvapalas. His slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of theVindhyas, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from Devagiri (1308), Warangal (1310) and Dwarasamudra (1311). These victories forced the Yadava king Ramachandra, theKakatiya king Prataparudra, and the Hoysalaking Ballala III to become Alauddin'stributaries. Kafur also raided the Pandya kingdom (1311), obtaining a large number of treasures, elephants and horses.

At times, he exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chieftains and the treatment of the zimmis. He rarely heeded to the orthodoxulema but believed "that the Hindu will never be submissive and obedient to the Musalman." He undertook measures to impoverish them and felt it was justified because he knew the Hindu chiefs andmuqaddams led a luxurious life but didn't pay a jital in taxes. Under the Mamluks, Indian Muslims and Hindus were deprived of positions in higher bureaucracy. However,Amir Khusrau mentions a Hindu officer of his army despatched to repel the Mongols. In addition, many non-Muslims served in his army.

During the last years of his life, Alauddin suffered from an illness, and relied on Malik Kafur to handle the administration. After his death in 1316, Malik Kafur appointedShihabuddin, son of Alauddin and his Hindu wife Jhatyapali, as a puppet monarch. However, his elder son Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah seized the power shortly after his death.

Answer 2

The Khiljis, wrongly believed to be Afghans, were actually Turks who had for a long time settled in

the region of Afghanistan, called Khaljihad adopted Afghan manners and customs. There for their coming to the thrown of Delhi is called "Khalji"revulsion. The Ghazani's and Ghori's invasions, and Mongol pressure from Central Asia had pushed them into India.


The term Khalji was their-designation, meaning in Turkic languages "swordsman". Although they had played a conspicuous role in the success of Turkic armies in India, they had always been locked down upon by the leading Turks, the dominant group during the Slave dynasty.


Jalauddin Khilji: 1290-1296 AD


Jalaluddin Khalji founded Khiljis dynasty. He followed mild and generous policies. This generous policy of the Sultan affected his foreign policy as well. In 1290, he invaded the fort of Ranthambhor. In 1294, Ala-ud-din nephew of Jalal-ud-din, invaded Ramchandra, the ruler of Devagiri in the south. Ramchandra was defeated and Ala-ud-din returneed with an immense booty.


Alauddin Khalji: 1296-1316 AD


He was a nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji. AlauddinKhilji killed him and succeeded the throne in 1296. He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who seperated religion from politics.He proclaimed 'Kingship knows no Kinship'.

Alauddin's Imperialism:


1. Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298)

2. Ranthambhor (1301)

3. Mewar (1303)

4. Malwa (1305)

5. Jalor (1311). 

In Deccan, Aluddin's army led by Malik Kafur defeated Ram Chandra, PratapRudradeva, Virballal III and Vir Pandya. He built HauzKhas and JamaitKhana Mosque. He seized the famous Kohinoor diamond from the ruler of Malwa.


Economic Reforms (1304)


1. The most important experiment undertaken by himwas the attempt to control the markets. 

2. He sought to control the prices of all commodities, from foodgrains to horse, and from cattle and slaves to costly imported cloth.

3. Introduction of Dagh or branding of horses Chehra or detailed description of each soldier

4. Confiscation of the religious endowments and free grants of lands

5. Creation of new department vizDiwan-i-Mustakhraj to enquire into the revenue arears and to collect them

6. Establishment of separate markets for food grains cloth, horses, fruits etc

    

Administrative Reforms Ordinances


1. Reorganised the Spy system

2. Prohibition on use of wine in Delhi

3. Nobles should not intermarry without his permission.

4. Confiscated the properties of Nobles classes.

5. He created new department viz Diwan-i-Mustakhraj to enquire into the revenue arrears and to collect them.

6. He separated religion from politics. He proclaimed -Kingship knows no Kinship.


Military Reforms


1. Introduced the first permanent standing army of India

2. Abolition of Iqtas of royal troppers and the payment of their salaries in crash.

3. Regular muster of the army.

4. He was the first sultan to have permanent army-paid soldiers in cash, imported horses, 


Shihabuddin Omar: 1316 AD


He was the third Sultan of the Khilji Dynasty and 13th Sultan of Delhi. He ascended the throne as a minor with the death of his father Alauddin Khilji in January 1316. He became Sultan with the help of Malik Kafur, the Military Commander. After the assassination of Kafur, his brother Qutb-ud-din Mubarak became Sultan.


Mubarak Khan: 1316-1320 AD


 After the death of Kafur (1316), Mubarak Khan was freed from prison and was appointed as regent for Shiab-ud-din.He captured the throne at the first opportunity he got, but could rule only for 4 years as he sank into debauchery and could not give up his dissipated lifestyle. He awarded his lover Hassan authority over the army and place guards, and the latter soon obtained full control over the Sultan's palace. Hassan was given the tittle Khusarau Khan by the Sultan and within months Khasrau killed Mubarak Khan and assumed the title of Nasir-ud-din in mid-1320.


Khusro Khan: 1320 AD


Khusrau Khan was killed by Ghazni Khan, governor of Dipalpur when he tried to oppose a rebellion by Ghazni Malik and his son Fakhr-ud-din Jaima.This marked the end of the Khalji dynasty and the rise of Tughlaq dynasty at the throne of Delhi.

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