Nutrition of plants full answer
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Plants, unlike animals, do not have to obtain organic materials for their nutrition, although these form the bulk of their tissues. By trapping solar energy in photosynthetic systems, they are able to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. However, plants do require inorganic salts, which they absorb from the soil surrounding their roots; these include the elements phosphorus (in the form of phosphate), chlorine (as the chloride ion), potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, boron, copper, and zinc. Plants also require nitrogen, in the form of nitrate (NO3−) or ammonium (NH4+) ions. They will, in addition, take up inorganic compounds that they themselves do not need, such as iodides and cobalt and selenium salts.
Nutrition in plants
Plants, unlike animals, do not have to obtain organic materials for their nutrition, although these form the bulk of their tissues. By trapping solar energy in photosynthetic systems, they are able to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. However, plants do require inorganic salts, which they absorb from the soil surrounding their roots; these include the elements phosphorus (in the form of phosphate), chlorine (as the chloride ion), potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, boron, copper, and zinc. Plants also require nitrogen, in the form of nitrate (NO3−) or ammonium (NH4+) ions. They will, in addition, take up inorganic compounds that they themselves do not need, such as iodides and cobalt and selenium salts.
The nutrients found in soil result in part from the gradual breakdown of the rocky material on Earth’s surface as a result of rain and, in some areas, freezing. Primarily composed of alumina and silica, rocks also contain smaller amounts of all the mineral elements needed by plants. Another source of soil nutrients is the decomposition of dead plants and animals and their waste products. Although a spadeful of soil may seem inert to the eye—apart from an occasional earthworm—it contains millions of microorganisms, the net effect of which is to break down organic materials, releasing simpler mineral salts. Furthermore, two groups of bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen—that is, they are able to incorporate this relatively inert element into nitrate ions. Bacteria of the genus Azobacter live freely in soil, while those of the genus Rhizobium live sheltered in the roots of leguminous plants such as peas and beans. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) also can fix nitrogen and are important for growing rice in the flooded paddy fields of Southeast Asia.
In areas of intensive farming, where crops are harvested at least once a year and no animals browse the fields, human intervention in the form of fertilizers is important. A traditional form of fertilizer has been animal manure, or muck, made from the straw bedding of cattle that has been soaked in excreta and allowed to ferment for a period. Since the 1800s farmers also have used artificial fertilizers, at first using naturally occurring mixtures of chemicals such as chalk (supplying calcium), rock phosphates, and the natural manure known as guano. Commercial guano consists of the accumulated deposits of bird droppings and is valued for its high concentration of nitrates. Modern chemical fertilizers include one or more of three important elements: nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Most nitrogenous fertilizers are produced by a technique in which nitrogen and hydrogen are combined at very high pressures in the presence of catalysts to form ammonia (NH3). This can then be injected into the soil as a gas that is quickly absorbed or, more commonly, converted into solid products such as ammonium salts, urea, and nitrates, which can be used as ingredients in mixed fertilizers.
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the essential elements can be divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutrients that plant require in larger amounts are called macronutrients. About half of the essential elements are considered micronutrients: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,calcium, magnesium and sulphur.
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