On an outline map of India mark the trading centers established by the Dutch, Portuguese, French and British in India. Use different colors for different countriesOn an outline map of India mark the trading centers established by the Dutch, Portuguese, French and British in India. Use different colors for different countries
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Answer:
The old trade routes, such as, via Oxus, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, the Middle route through Syria to the Levant (Mediterranean) and the southern by sea to Egypt and the hence to Europe by way of the Nile, were closed and hence Vasco digamma of Portugal launched the search of a new sea-route in May 1498 A.D. and reached the coast of Calicut via Cape of Good Hope.
Hence, once again the trade relations progressed between India and European countries Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese representative in India, so the Portuguese were the first traders who settled down in India and continued their monopoly up to 16th century as no other European power had the courage to intervene in their supremacy.
The monopoly of Portugal over Eastern sea waters was further repeated in 1506 and 1514 A.D. by Pope Julius -II and Pope Louis- X respectively. But with the commencement of the reformation and the protestant movement the situation began to alter.
The Protestants being opponents of catholic Pope entered the eastern sea. Actually, they wanted to offend the decree of the Pope, so the Dutch, the British and the French entered India.
The Europeans entered India as traders at the outset but with the passage of time, they indulged in the politics of India and established their colonies. Soon, the European nations stood face for supremacy.
Their commercial rivalry was eclipsed before the political rivalry. In this hard struggle among the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and the French, Ultimately the British succeeded and the rest were eliminated.
The Portuguese:
When Vasco da gama reached Calicut through the Cape of Good Hope, Zamorin was the ruler of Calicut who granted sonic concessions to the Portuguese and Almedia was appointed Viceroy of Portugal in the east.
He wanted to keep the sea route between India and Portugal intact and he succeeded in this object to a large extent. The Portuguese defeated the combined forces of Egyptians, the Zamorin and the ruler of Gujarat in 1509 A.D. near Diu and thus they established their control over Indian Ocean for the ensuing century more.
Albuquerque (1509-1515 A.D.) was the next Viceroy of Portugal in India. He was far ambitious than his predecessor. He endeavoured his best to control the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, so he made west coast of India the headquarters of the Portuguese.
He successfully devastated the treads of the Muslims in the Malaya Peninsula and the Far East. As a result of this policy of Albuquerque, the Portuguese could be able to establish their forts and factories at various places on the Indian Seacoast.
The Portuguese enjoyed their trade monopoly during the regime of the new viceroy and after him they soon took active part in the politics of India and as a result of it they embittered the Mughals who were. So far they were friends. However, in the sixteenth century they established their control over Goa, Daman, Salsette, Bassein, and Bombay.
They also established their sway over Hooghly, Bengal and Santhome. They extracted great trade benefits from these places.
The Portuguese could not establish themselves firmly in India and as a result of their own carelessness; they were deprived of their trade and territories.
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Answer:
- Vasco da Gama's discovery of a new sea route sparked competition among the European superpowers to develop commerce with the East.
- The British, Dutch, Portuguese, and French corporations engaged in brutal trade wars as a result of their fierce struggle to monopolize commerce with India.
- The commodities that were in high demand in Europe, such as premium silk, cotton, pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and cardamom, attracted the interest of all European trade enterprises.
The Portuguese
- Portuguese travelers were the first Europeans to land in India. They established their commercial station in India first.
- They pushed the Arab traders away from Indian marketplaces with their superior ships and use of force.
- The first person to find a new path was Vasco da Gama.
- In Calicut, Cochin, Goa, Diu, Daman, Bassein, and Salsette, they established their commercial hubs.
- The traders from Portugal profited greatly from their commerce with India.
- The Dutch, and subsequently the British and the French, were quickly drawn to India by the lucrative prospects of commerce with that country.
The Dutch
- In 1602, the Dutch East India Company was established with the intention of engaging in profitable spice commerce with India and the East.
- The Dutch built their factories at Cochin, Surat, and Masulipatnam.
- From India, they exported silk, cotton, and indigo.
The British
- The East India Company was established in England in 1600 by a group of businessmen who also obtained a charter from Queen Elizabeth1, who was the country's monarch at the time, giving them the exclusive right to trade with India in exchange for a cut of the profits.
- The East India Company was the only trade organization in England that was permitted, according to the charter. As a result, the business didn't worry about competition from other English trade firms.
- The royal charter, however, was unable to prevent other European nations from securing markets in India.
- In order to establish commercial stations in India, Captain William Hawkins was despatched by the Mughal ruler Jahangir in 1608. He was given permission by Jahangir to build ports and factories at Surat, Goga, and Cambay. Surat quickly rose to prominence as the East India Company's Indian headquarters.
The French
- The French was the final European nation to invade India. In 1664, they established their trade enterprise.
- At Surat, Masulipatnam, Chandranagore, and Mahe, they established commercial hubs. In Surat, the first French factory was founded in 1668.
- They established Pondicherry in 1674, and it subsequently developed as their capital.
- They spoke French, Tamil, Telugu, English, Bengali, Malayalam, and other languages in common.
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