On an outline map of India mark the trading centers established by the Dutch, Portuguese, French and British in India.
Answers
The old trade routes, such as, via Oxus, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, the Middle route through Syria to the Levant (Mediterranean) and the southern by sea to Egypt and the hence to Europe by way of the Nile, were closed and hence Vasco digamma of Portugal launched the search of a new sea-route in May 1498 A.D. and reached the coast of Calicut via Cape of Good Hope.
Hence, once again the trade relations progressed between India and European countries Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese representative in India, so the Portuguese were the first traders who settled down in India and continued their monopoly up to 16th century as no other European power had the courage to intervene in their supremacy.
The monopoly of Portugal over Eastern sea waters was further repeated in 1506 and 1514 A.D. by Pope Julius -II and Pope Louis- X respectively. But with the commencement of the reformation and the protestant movement the situation began to alter.
The Protestants being opponents of catholic Pope entered the eastern sea. Actually, they wanted to offend the decree of the Pope, so the Dutch, the British and the French entered India.
The Europeans entered India as traders at the outset but with the passage of time, they indulged in the politics of India and established their colonies. Soon, the European nations stood face for supremacy.
Their commercial rivalry was eclipsed before the political rivalry. In this hard struggle among the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and the French, Ultimately the British succeeded and the rest were eliminated.
The Portuguese:
When Vasco da gama reached Calicut through the Cape of Good Hope, Zamorin was the ruler of Calicut who granted sonic concessions to the Portuguese and Almedia was appointed Viceroy of Portugal in the east.
He wanted to keep the sea route between India and Portugal intact and he succeeded in this object to a large extent. The Portuguese defeated the combined forces of Egyptians, the Zamorin and the ruler of Gujarat in 1509 A.D. near Diu and thus they established their control over Indian Ocean for the ensuing century more.
Albuquerque (1509-1515 A.D.) was the next Viceroy of Portugal in India. He was far ambitious than his predecessor. He endeavoured his best to control the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, so he made west coast of India the headquarters of the Portuguese.
He successfully devastated the treads of the Muslims in the Malaya Peninsula and the Far East. As a result of this policy of Albuquerque, the Portuguese could be able to establish their forts and factories at various places on the Indian Seacoast.
The Portuguese enjoyed their trade monopoly during the regime of the new viceroy and after him they soon took active part in the politics of India and as a result of it they embittered the Mughals who were. So far they were friends. However, in the sixteenth century they established their control over Goa, Daman, Salsette, Bassein, and Bombay.
They also established their sway over Hooghly, Bengal and Santhome. They extracted great trade benefits from these places.
The Portuguese could not establish themselves firmly in India and as a result of their own carelessness; they were deprived of their trade and territories.
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