On June 19, 1861, José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born in Calamba in the Philippines'
Laguna Province. A brilliant student who became proficient in multiple languages, José Rizal studied medicine in Manila.
In 1882, he traveled to Spain to complete his medical degreo.
While in Europe, José Rizal became part of the Propaganda Movement, connecting with other Filipinos who
wanted reform. He also wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not/The Social Cancer), a work that detailed
the dark aspects of Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines, with particular focus on the role of Catholic friars. The book
was banned in the Philippines, though copies were smuggled in. Because of this novel, Rizal's return to the Philippines in
1887 was cut short when he was targeted by police.
Rizal returned to Europe and continued to write, releasing his follow-up novel, El Filibusterismo (The Reign of
Greed) in 1891. He also published articles in La Solidaridad, a paper aligned with the Propaganda Movement. The
reforms Rizal advocated for did not include independence-he called for equal treatment of Filipinos, limiting the power
of Spanish friars and representation for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes (Spain's parliament).
Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892, feeling he needed to be in the country to effect change. Although the
reform society he founded, the Liga Filipino (Philippine League), supported non-violent action, Rizal was still exiled to
Dapitan, on the island of Mindanao. During the four years Rizal was in exile, he practiced medicine and took on students.
In 1895. Rizal asked for permission to travel to Cuba as an army doctor. His request was approved, but in August
1896, Katipunan, a nationalist Filipino society founded by Andres Bonifacio, revolted. Though he had no ties to the group
and disapproved of its violent methods. Rizal was arrested shortly thereafter
After a show trial, Rizal was convicted of sedition and sentenced to death by firing squad. Rizal's public execution
was carried out in Manila on December 30, 1896, when he was 35 years old. His execution created more opposition to
Spanish rule.
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QUICK FACTS
NAME
José Rizal
BIRTH DATE
June 19, 1861
DEATH DATE
December 30, 1896
EDUCATION
University of Madrid, University of Heidelberg, University of Santo Tomas
PLACE OF BIRTH
Calamba, Laguna Province, Philippines
PLACE OF DEATH
Manila, Philippines
FULL NAME
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
WHO WAS JOSÉ RIZAL?
EARLY LIFE
WRITING AND REFORM
EXILE IN THE PHILIPPINES
EXECUTION AND LEGACY
CITE THIS PAGE
“[C]reative genius does not manifest itself solely within the borders of a specific country: it sprouts everywhere; it is like light and air; it belongs to everyone: it is cosmopolitan like space, life and God.”
—José Rizal
José Rizal Biography
(1861–1896)
UPDATED:JAN 21, 2020ORIGINAL:APR 1, 2014
José Rizal called for peaceful reform of Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines. After his 1896 execution, he became an icon for the nationalist movement.
Who Was José Rizal?
While living in Europe, José Rizal wrote about the discrimination that accompanied Spain's colonial rule of his country. He returned to the Philippines in 1892 but was exiled due to his desire for reform. Although he supported peaceful change, Rizal was convicted of sedition and executed on December 30, 1896, at age 35.
Early Life
On June 19, 1861, José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born in Calamba in the Philippines' Laguna Province. A brilliant student who became proficient in multiple languages, José Rizal studied medicine in Manila. In 1882, he traveled to Spain to complete his medical degree.
Writing and Reform
While in Europe, José Rizal became part of the Propaganda Movement, connecting with other Filipinos who wanted reform. He also wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not/The Social Cancer), a work that detailed the dark aspects of Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines, with particular focus on the role of Catholic friars. The book was banned in the Philippines, though copies were smuggled in. Because of this novel, Rizal's return to the Philippines in 1887 was cut short when he was targeted by police.