One solar panel produces a potential difference of 18 V and current of 3A. Discribe how you can obtain a potential difference of 72 Volts and current of 9 A with a solar array using solar panels. You can use sign of a battery for a solar panel.
Answers
power output of a photovoltaic solar cell is given in watts and is equal to the product of voltage times the current ( V x I ) and this is true. The optimum operating voltage of a PV cell under load is about 0.46 volts at the normal operating temperatures, generating a current in full sunlight of about three amperes. Then the power output of a typical photovoltaic solar cell can be calculated as: P = V x I = 0.46 x 3 = 1.38 watts. Now this may be okay to power a calculator, small solar charger or garden light, but this 1.38 watts is not really enough power to do any usable work.
However, individual solar photovoltaic cells can be electrically connected together in series (daisy chained) to achieve the desired voltage as series voltages add, or connected in parallel (side-by-side) to achieve the desired current as parallel currents add. Then any combination of two or more PV cells can be connected together in either a series and/or parallel combination to give any desired voltage, current and power output producing a photovoltaic panel. In practical usage, the photovoltaic cell operates in the linear part of its I-V characteristic curve and supplies approximately the same current as at short circuit. The power delivered by the photovoltaic panel to the battery and load connected in parallel with the panel is: P = V x I.
For example, if we connect together in series, ten 0.46 volt PV cells from our last example to produce a solar photovoltaic panel, the new output voltage would be 0.46 x 10 or 4.6 volts, but the current remains the same at 3A (series circuit). Then the total power output has also increased ten fold to 13.8 watts peak power. Individual solar photovoltaic cells can be connected together to produce a larger “solar photovoltaic panel” or solar module as they are also called, with power outputs of 50 to 200 plus watts peak possible. In practice, for improved efficiency and practicality, multiple PV cells are wired together in a series and/or parallel combination to produce the required voltage and peak power output.
the power output of a typical photovoltaic solar cell can be calculated as: P = V x I = 0.46 x 3 = 1.38 watts.
this may be okay to power a calculator, small solar charger or garden light, but this 1.38 watts is not really enough power to do any usable work.
The power delivered by the photovoltaic panel to the battery and load connected in parallel with the panel is: P = V x I.