ONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1.
"To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and
control.” In the light of this statement, briefly explain the functions of management.
Answers
Answer: Ans. One way to look at the process of management is to identify the functions which together make up the process. Some functions are basic to managerial activities at all levels from the foreman to the manager. Therefore, they are applicable to all business enterprises. Though Davis, Fayol, Koontz, 0′ Donne!, and Urwick have specified different number of management functions, the following eight functions may be used to describe the job of management –
(i) Forecasting- Forecasting is defined as the estimation of future activities i.e., the estimation of type, quantity and quality of future work. These estimates provide the basis to plan the future requirements for men, machines, materials, time, money etc. Forecasting may be done in connection with sales, production or any other type of business activities. Forecasting begins with the sales forecast and is followed by production forecast and forecast for probable costs, finance, purchases, profit or loss etc.
(ii) Planning- Planning is the process of determining goals and suitable courses of action for achieving those goals. It involves setting the ‘right’ goals and then selecting the ‘right’ means for achieving those goals. Planning is essential to ensure proper utilization of resources (i.e., men, materials, machines, time and money) to attain the goals of the enterprise. Following steps are taken by the planning manager for the purpose of planning-
(a) Recognition of the need for planning.
(b) Establishing objectives.
(c) Building the premises for planning. Forecast is based on the. inferences drawn from the known facts and figures. The forecasts are used for formulating plans for future.
(d) Identifying alternative courses of action.
(e) Evaluating alternatives courses.
(f) Selecting a best course of action.
(iii) Organizing – Organizing is the process of dividing work into convenient tasks or duties, grouping of such duties in the form of positions, grouping of various positions into departments and sections, assigning duties to individual positions, and delegating authority to each position so that the work is carried out as planned. Organizing function can be viewed as a bridge connecting the conceptual idea developed in creating and planning to the specific means for accomplishing these ideas. Organizing function contributes to the efficiency of the organization by ensuring that all essential activities will be
performed and objectives are attained.
(iv) Staffing – Staffing involves manning the various positions created by the organizing process. It includes preparing inventory of personnel available and identifying the gap between manpower required and available, identifying the sources from where people will be selected, selecting people, training and developing them, fixing financial compensation, appraising them periodically, etc.
(v) Directing – Directing is the process by which actual performance of subordinates is guided towards common goals of the enterprise. It involves motivating, idling, and supervising subordinates towards company objectives. Therefore, directing involves –
(a) Giving instructions to subordinates.
(b) Guiding the subordinates to do the work.
(c) Supervising the subordinates to make certain that the work done by them is as per the plans established. Directing involves functions such as –
(a) Leadership (b) Communication (c) Motivation
(d) Supervision.
(a) Leadership– Leadership is the quality of the behaviour of the persons (managers) whereby they inspire confidence and trust in their subordinates, get maximum cooperation from them and guide their activities in organized effort. Leadership is more than personal ability and skill.
(b) Communication– Communicating is the process by which ideas are transmitted, received and understood by others for the purpose of effecting desired results. Communication may be verbal or written orders, reports, instruction etc. A manager communicates to his subordinates as what they should do. An ineffective communication causes confusion, misunderstanding, dissatisfaction and sometimes even strikes
Explanation:
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