Question

osazone formation reaction

Answer 1

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D-glucose reacts with one molecule of phenyl hydrazine to form D-glucose phenyl hydrazone. Second molecule of phenyl hydrazine oxidizes second C atom from alcohol to keto group. Third molecule of phenyl hydrazine reacts to form D-glucosazone.

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Answer 2

Stratospheric ozone. Stratospheric ozone is formed

naturally by chemical reactions involving solar ultraviolet

radiation (sunlight) and oxygen molecules, which make up

21% of the atmosphere. In the first step, solar ultraviolet

radiation breaks apart one oxygen molecule (O2) to produce

two oxygen atoms (2 O) (see Figure Q2-1). In the second step,

each of these highly reactive atoms combines with an oxygen

molecule to produce an ozone molecule (O3). These reactions

occur continually whenever solar ultraviolet radiation is pres-

ent in the stratosphere. As a result, the largest ozone produc-

tion occurs in the tropical stratosphere.

The production of stratospheric ozone is balanced by its

destruction in chemical reactions. Ozone reacts continu-

ally with sunlight and a wide variety of natural and human-

produced chemicals in the stratosphere. In each reaction, an

ozone molecule is lost and other chemical compounds are

produced. Important reactive gases that destroy ozone are

hydrogen and nitrogen oxides and those containing chlorine

and bromine (see Q8).

Some stratospheric ozone is regularly transported down

into the troposphere and can occasionally influence ozone

amounts at Earth’s surface, particularly in remote, unpolluted

regions of the globe.

Tropospheric ozone. Near Earth’s surface, ozone is

produced by chemical reactions involving naturally occur-

ring gases and gases from pollution sources. Ozone produc-

tion reactions primarily involve hydrocarbon and nitrogen

oxide gases, as well as ozone itself, and all require sunlight

for completion. Fossil fuel combustion is a primary source

of pollutant gases that lead to tropospheric ozone produc-

tion. The production of ozone near the surface does not sig-

nificantly contribute to the abundance of stratospheric ozone.

The amount of surface ozone is too small in comparison and

the transport of surface air to the stratosphere is not effec-

tive enough. As in the stratosphere, ozone in the troposphere

is destroyed by naturally occurring chemical reactions and

by reactions involving human-produced chemicals. Tropo-

spheric ozone can also be destroyed when ozone reacts with a

Ozone is formed throughout the atmosphere in multistep chemical processes that require sunlight. In the stratosphere,

the process begins with an oxygen molecule (O2 ) being broken apart by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. In the lower

atmosphere (troposphere), ozone is formed by a different set of chemical reactions that involve naturally occurring gases and

those from pollution sources.

Q2 How is ozone formed in the atmosphere?

Figure Q2-1. Stratospheric ozone production.

Ozone is naturally produced in the stratosphere by a two-

step reactive process. In the first step, solar ultraviolet

radiation (sunlight) breaks apart an oxygen molecule to

form two separate oxygen atoms. In the second step, each

atom then undergoes a binding collision with another

oxygen molecule to form an ozone molecule. In the over-

all process, three oxygen molecules plus sunlight react to

form two ozone molecules.

Stratospheric Ozone Production

Overall reaction: 3 O2 2 O3

variety of surfaces, such as those of soils and plants.

Balance of chemical processes. Ozone abundances

in the stratosphere and troposphere are determined by the

balance between chemical processes that produce and destroy

ozone. The balance is determined by the amounts of reactive

gases and how the rate or effectiveness of the various reactions

varies with sunlight intensity, location in the atmosphere,

temperature, and other factors. As atmospheric conditions

change to favor ozone-producing reactions in a certain loca-

tion, ozone abundances increase. Similarly, if conditions

change to favor other reactions that destroy ozone, abun-

dances decrease. The balance of production and loss reac-

tions combined with atmospheric air motions determines the

global distribution of ozone on timescales of days to many

months. Global ozone has decreased during the past several

decades because the amounts of reactive gases containing

chlorine and bromine have increased in the stratosphere (see

Q13) due to human activities.

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